Culturally diverse entity Essay

Listing down the sources of my cultural programming sure opened up my eyes to the realities that I am facing. As a person who is growing up and trying to come to terms with my identity as it interacts with the world, it is amazing to know that there are a lot of sources of my cultural programming. Although I consider my family as one of the main sources of my understanding of my own world, I realize that I am also bringing in cultural diversity to my family. As a part of the new generation of people in the world, we are different from our parents and much more from our grandparents. As such, through the technology I use and the ideas that I come across with, I am becoming more diverse in terms of culture. There are times that several sources of my cultural programming come into conflict. I can think of several ones. The church and the morality and faith it is teaching sometimes come into conflict with the kinds of movies and TV shows I watch. Quite honestly, there are times that I feel that church stuff is boring but when I also realize the wars, the way that people tend to forget courtesy and the sense of right and wrong, I feel that the church still has something to offer. Another source of conflict is perhaps the way that my family expects me to behave in a certain way and the way in which my friends treat each other and the way that media such as television shows and movies portray the life of a teenager. There are times that I get confused with the expectations of my parents and the way that I want to live. But I know that I have to respect them and listen to them. Culture is very broad and I think that as young people of today, we are exposed to more shapers of culture than did our parents and grandparents. That is why there are conflicts in these cultures as they are developed in me.

Persuasive Essay

â€Å"It's not Just a game. † to many athletes this statement rings true. Sports fuel the drive and determination within people, and provide them an essential learning tool from which they can grow. Competitive is defined as, â€Å"of or relating to a situation in which people or groups are trying to win a contest or be more successful than other : relating to or involving competition . â€Å"(Merriam-Webster. Com) This concept of competitiveness is the foundation of all sports.The competitive spirit and thirst to ant to better oneself in order to be at the top is a fueling force that will propel our children far beyond their years on the court. Providing children with equal playing time in youth sports discourages the necessary need for healthy competition and takes away valuable life lessons that will prepare them for the future. With over six years of experience coaching girls basketball at the grade school level, the debate over playing time Is one thing that I have enco untered a lot. For the most part people are strongly on one side or the other.Although there are other people Like me that agrees with this rule, in most grade school sports this rule has become a mandatory enforced aspect of the game – slowly and forcefully crushing the heart of the competitiveness that so many athletes Join sports for. There are many counterclaim to this debate ranging from psychological harm all the way to it creating the obesity epidemic we are currently facing in our country. One debate that I have heard numerous times is that children learn through playing an actual game verses only in practice. This is ridiculous!To start off, any good player treats practice as Hough it Is a game and puts forth Just as much effort. Coaches demand this Intensity level In practice, so they can adequately prepare their team for the actual games. Practice Is where you learn; games are where you put your skills to the test. If kids actually learned more from games, and the purpose of coaching girl's basketball at the beginning grade school level was in fact to Children should have to earn their playing time. When we enforce the equal playing time rule we are taking away the goal in which the athletes aspire to achieve.We demise the competitive nature of the port, and destroy the heart of the game. Not everybody can be winners, that is the harsh reality of life! Kids put in the effort in practice in order to win games, therefore the best players should be the ones on the court representing their team. Why even keep score if the important is not who wins? Sports are suppose to be a competition thus they are going to have winners and losers. This teaches the kids the importance of sportsmanship and give them something to work towards. Similar to grades In school, some students earn better grades than others and they are rewarded for It.Sports should not be any different and we should allow the better athletes to shine, excel and be praised for their valu ables rather than try and hold them back in order to even out the playing field for other players. No where in life are harder and catch up to the level in which their opponents are at! The physical benefits that some argue are important to implement at such a young age is another argument put forth by the opposing side that I have heard numerous times. They claim that the importance of allowing children to rest in the game is crucial to maintaining their physical health and preventing injuries.The obvious factor in which this statement fails to ring true is that at any level players should be in a good enough physical condition to not only run the full amount of the game but to also be able hustle and go one hundred percent the entire time. This is why practices are usually twice as long as games and any good coach expects their player to hustle throughout every drill. The obesity issue in which parents argue that by benching children it discourages them from playing the sport and thus results in a decrease of physical activity. If the child's main goal is to get physically fit than they should not be n a team sport.There are many individual sports in which a child can strictly work towards bettering themselves without hurting the rest of the team. If a parent is trying to put their child's physical well being on the responsibility of their child's coach that is absurd. A sports season is strictly Just that a season and no coach should have to worry about the child's physical fitness level during a game. If the coach allows the child practice with the team than by far he has fulfilled his duty. Lastly, the main argument that so many parents think they are Justified in preaching s the physiological harm that is instilled in a child that rides the bench.Lack of self confidence and the feeling of unworthiness are claimed to have a more damaging affect on children than the fairy tale reality that equal playing time blinds them with. Why lie to our children? As pa rents and coaches we are suppose to prepare kids to excel at the next levels in life. The ability to get back on their feet after being knocked down and make the most out of any situation by far out shines this cushioning effect that parents insist that coaches to provide. This does nothing but Ella the inevitable and handicap our children from learning the correct coping techniques to excel in not only sports but also in life.One of the best basketball players of all time, Michael Jordan, has been quoted saying, â€Å"If you're trying to achieve, there will be roadblocks. I've had them; everybody has had them. But obstacles don't have to stop you. If you run into a wall, don't turn around and give up. Figure out how to climb it, go through it, or work around it. † It is not Just a game, it is a way of life. When the debate over equal playing is brought up the most important thing to remember is to keep the bigger picture in mind.Yes sports at the grade school level do have t he task of introducing the fundamentals of the game to individuals but they also carry the ability to teach so much more! Let the sport be the teacher and don't manipulate the self guided lessons that players will encounter and benefit immensely from. To instill a sense of entitlement rather than a hard working mentality is exactly what giving the children equal playing is doing. Playing time at any level should be something that an athlete has to earn and the competitive spirit within a game should be praised and fueled not manipulated. Persuasive Essay â€Å"It's not Just a game. † to many athletes this statement rings true. Sports fuel the drive and determination within people, and provide them an essential learning tool from which they can grow. Competitive is defined as, â€Å"of or relating to a situation in which people or groups are trying to win a contest or be more successful than other : relating to or involving competition . â€Å"(Merriam-Webster. Com) This concept of competitiveness is the foundation of all sports.The competitive spirit and thirst to ant to better oneself in order to be at the top is a fueling force that will propel our children far beyond their years on the court. Providing children with equal playing time in youth sports discourages the necessary need for healthy competition and takes away valuable life lessons that will prepare them for the future. With over six years of experience coaching girls basketball at the grade school level, the debate over playing time Is one thing that I have enco untered a lot. For the most part people are strongly on one side or the other.Although there are other people Like me that agrees with this rule, in most grade school sports this rule has become a mandatory enforced aspect of the game – slowly and forcefully crushing the heart of the competitiveness that so many athletes Join sports for. There are many counterclaim to this debate ranging from psychological harm all the way to it creating the obesity epidemic we are currently facing in our country. One debate that I have heard numerous times is that children learn through playing an actual game verses only in practice. This is ridiculous!To start off, any good player treats practice as Hough it Is a game and puts forth Just as much effort. Coaches demand this Intensity level In practice, so they can adequately prepare their team for the actual games. Practice Is where you learn; games are where you put your skills to the test. If kids actually learned more from games, and the purpose of coaching girl's basketball at the beginning grade school level was in fact to Children should have to earn their playing time. When we enforce the equal playing time rule we are taking away the goal in which the athletes aspire to achieve.We demise the competitive nature of the port, and destroy the heart of the game. Not everybody can be winners, that is the harsh reality of life! Kids put in the effort in practice in order to win games, therefore the best players should be the ones on the court representing their team. Why even keep score if the important is not who wins? Sports are suppose to be a competition thus they are going to have winners and losers. This teaches the kids the importance of sportsmanship and give them something to work towards. Similar to grades In school, some students earn better grades than others and they are rewarded for It.Sports should not be any different and we should allow the better athletes to shine, excel and be praised for their valu ables rather than try and hold them back in order to even out the playing field for other players. No where in life are harder and catch up to the level in which their opponents are at! The physical benefits that some argue are important to implement at such a young age is another argument put forth by the opposing side that I have heard numerous times. They claim that the importance of allowing children to rest in the game is crucial to maintaining their physical health and preventing injuries.The obvious factor in which this statement fails to ring true is that at any level players should be in a good enough physical condition to not only run the full amount of the game but to also be able hustle and go one hundred percent the entire time. This is why practices are usually twice as long as games and any good coach expects their player to hustle throughout every drill. The obesity issue in which parents argue that by benching children it discourages them from playing the sport and thus results in a decrease of physical activity. If the child's main goal is to get physically fit than they should not be n a team sport.There are many individual sports in which a child can strictly work towards bettering themselves without hurting the rest of the team. If a parent is trying to put their child's physical well being on the responsibility of their child's coach that is absurd. A sports season is strictly Just that a season and no coach should have to worry about the child's physical fitness level during a game. If the coach allows the child practice with the team than by far he has fulfilled his duty. Lastly, the main argument that so many parents think they are Justified in preaching s the physiological harm that is instilled in a child that rides the bench.Lack of self confidence and the feeling of unworthiness are claimed to have a more damaging affect on children than the fairy tale reality that equal playing time blinds them with. Why lie to our children? As pa rents and coaches we are suppose to prepare kids to excel at the next levels in life. The ability to get back on their feet after being knocked down and make the most out of any situation by far out shines this cushioning effect that parents insist that coaches to provide. This does nothing but Ella the inevitable and handicap our children from learning the correct coping techniques to excel in not only sports but also in life.One of the best basketball players of all time, Michael Jordan, has been quoted saying, â€Å"If you're trying to achieve, there will be roadblocks. I've had them; everybody has had them. But obstacles don't have to stop you. If you run into a wall, don't turn around and give up. Figure out how to climb it, go through it, or work around it. † It is not Just a game, it is a way of life. When the debate over equal playing is brought up the most important thing to remember is to keep the bigger picture in mind.Yes sports at the grade school level do have t he task of introducing the fundamentals of the game to individuals but they also carry the ability to teach so much more! Let the sport be the teacher and don't manipulate the self guided lessons that players will encounter and benefit immensely from. To instill a sense of entitlement rather than a hard working mentality is exactly what giving the children equal playing is doing. Playing time at any level should be something that an athlete has to earn and the competitive spirit within a game should be praised and fueled not manipulated. Persuasive Essay Keep Cigarette Sale and Production legal: Save the Economy Cigarette smoking dates back to the 9th century; when cigarettes were first invented in Central America, and has become a popular habit since then. Smoking is prevalent all over the world, and it has been estimated that the number of smokers will continue to rise despite the various campaigns taken against it. It is a widely accepted fact that smoking causes many health problems and thousands of people die each year, but should smoking be made illegal?Although smoking is hazardous to health and the environment, but making it illegal is a serious implementation which if not enforced successfully, will lead to huge losses for a particular economy. Should smoking be made illegal, the sale and production of cigarettes will drastically go down as will the number of smokers dying from lung cancer and other smoking related diseases, but prohibiting it by law is too extreme. All over the world, especially in poorer underdeveloped cou ntries a huge number of people are employed by cigarette making companies. If the production of cigarettes is banned, a lot of people will lose jobs.The probability of all of these people getting employed again is low; as most of them are not educated enough to meet the minimum requirement for other jobs and are the sole sources of income for their families. The main reason governments all over the world have not banned cigarette production is the huge amounts of revenue and taxes generated from its sale. These taxes are used to build many important institutions like public schools and hospitals. While it is true there are many more sources of income for the government, in present age we cannot deny the part tobacco companies play in increasing our GDP (Gross Domestic Product). In the year 2000 tax revenue from cigarettes totaled Pak Rs. 19. 8 billion, representing approximately 25% of all excise revenue generated in the country for that year†. (â€Å"Tobacco Control: Current Challenges for Pakistan, 1†). Apart from tobacco farmers and nicotine suppliers, cigarette production provides income for advertising firms, whitening products and mouth fresheners companies. One of the biggest side effects of making cigarette production illegal is the rise of the black markets. Black markets are underground trading places where goods banned by the government are bought and sold.They may also involve trading across borders. It is very likely they start operating in economies where selling cigarettes is banned. Ireland, East Bourne, and Paraguay have some of the highest illicit cigarette trading. The government in UK took strong measures to cut down cigarette production resulting in cigarettes being illegally sold across borders. â€Å"The UK Government has lost at least ? 16. 7 billion tax revenue from the black market sale of cigarettes and hand rolling tobacco over a 5 year period, according to its own statistics†(â€Å"? 16. 7 billion loss in smoki ng tax revenues† ).Though the cigarette companies play an important role in maintaining the economy, the harmful effects of smoking cannot be overlooked. In the recent years, smoking has been known to be the cause of oral cancer, lung cancer, and heart diseases and many more problems, most of which have proved to be fatal. Nicotine used in cigarettes causes brain damage and even abnormalities in child birth. Smokers have bad breath, yellow teeth; burned fingers and are looked upon with disgust. The estimated number of deaths each year by cigarette smoking is 445,000 in the United States.By 2030, this number is expected to rise even more, especially in developing countries where smoking is constantly on the rise. In trying to tackle this problem, governments in almost 30 countries across the world including Pakistan, have made it mandatory to issue warning messages on the cigarette packets by law orders. Even the advertising companies are required to show health concern message s at the end of the advertisement. This means that people buying cigarettes are fully aware of the health risks involved but they still continue to do so.Smoking in a voluntary habit, it is a choice. The solution to this problem lies in educating people about how valuable a human life is and not banning smoking. Cigarettes are an environmental hazard. Cigarette fires are a major threat of smoking, caused mainly by the carelessness of the smoker. While it is true it is a serious problem, it can be prevented by taking a few simple measures. Fire-safe cigarettes are a lot less likely to catch on fire when left unattended and by taking this simple precaution many of these fires can be avoided.Furthermore cigarettes are not biodegradable. It can take a lot of years for them to decompose. This problem can be tackled by improving the recycling and disposable systems of the country. These problems are not so difficult to deal with if just some simple safety measures are taken while making t hem completely illegal will have much more disastrous effects. While the harmful effects of smoking are widely known, research has shown some of the positive effects of smoking as well. Smokers admit that smoking causes soothing, relaxes the mind and helps deal with depression.Scientific studies show that smoking improves concentration and helps to focus. Smokers have proven to have better responsiveness and sharper memory than non-smokers. â€Å"After 40 years  of scientific research on the effects of nicotine, researchers now say that they have sound scientific proof that smoking and nicotine have a significant positive effect on human brain performance†(â€Å"Science is conclusive: tobacco increases work capacity†). Nicotine also is said to enhance new blood vessel development and decrease chances of Parkinson’s disease.Furthermore, nicotine boosts up creativity and innovation. Many famous celebrities, artists, musicians have committed to smoking in the pea k time of their careers. Tobacco which is a major component of cigarettes is also widely used in many other addictive substances, like water pipe tobacco and snuff. The main purpose of making the production of cigarettes illegal is to stop the rising number of deaths occurring each year because of smoking, but if many other alternatives which provide the same level of addiction are available the purpose of the ban is likely to fail.Keeping in mind the pros and cons of making the sale and production of cigarettes illegal, banning smoking will cause more serious and long lasting problems than it will solve. The income generated by this sector of the economy will fall down immensely. Black markets operating in the country will start selling them as smoking is an addiction and is not a habit which can easily be quit. Smoking is often associated with suicide, while it is true smokers die earlier than non-smokers; the final decision depends on the smoker’s discretion.As far as the health and environment issues of smoking are concerned, they are upon the smokers own will and can be stopped if people start caring about their lives and their loved ones. An issue as serious as this one needs to be inspected properly if any decision has to be taken. If the ban on cigarette production is not implemented properly, it will lead to a huge fall in the employment level. If smokers dying every day is such an important concern, what about those people who will lose their jobs permanently? How will they feed their families?In poorer countries no other jobs are available for them and hundreds of families may lose their source of income. The taxes generated by the government will be cut off and much of the development in countries will die down. The true cure lies in making people more aware through advertisements and warning labels which is already been done by many countries all over the world. Because in the end the choice mainly lies in the hand of the smoker, what he or she thinks is more important: his or her own life or the pleasures of smoking. Words: 1310. Works Cited â€Å"? 16. 7 Billion Loss in Smoking Tax Revenues. Freedom 2 Choose. N. p. , n. d. Web. 9 Mar. 2013. . Khan, Javaid. â€Å"Tobacco Control: Current Challenges for Pakistan. †Ã‚  Editorial. N. p. , n. d. Web. 9 Mar. 2013. . Science Is Conclusive: Tobacco Increases Work Capacity. † International Liberty News Network. N. p. , n. d. Web. 9 Mar. 2013. . â€Å"Should Smoking Be Banned? † Debate. org. N. p. , n. d. Web. 9 Mar. 2013. . â€Å"Smoking Thrills but Kills. † Pakistan Today. N. p. , n. d. Web. 9 Mar. 2013. . Persuasive Essay â€Å"It's not Just a game. † to many athletes this statement rings true. Sports fuel the drive and determination within people, and provide them an essential learning tool from which they can grow. Competitive is defined as, â€Å"of or relating to a situation in which people or groups are trying to win a contest or be more successful than other : relating to or involving competition . â€Å"(Merriam-Webster. Com) This concept of competitiveness is the foundation of all sports.The competitive spirit and thirst to ant to better oneself in order to be at the top is a fueling force that will propel our children far beyond their years on the court. Providing children with equal playing time in youth sports discourages the necessary need for healthy competition and takes away valuable life lessons that will prepare them for the future. With over six years of experience coaching girls basketball at the grade school level, the debate over playing time Is one thing that I have enco untered a lot. For the most part people are strongly on one side or the other.Although there are other people Like me that agrees with this rule, in most grade school sports this rule has become a mandatory enforced aspect of the game – slowly and forcefully crushing the heart of the competitiveness that so many athletes Join sports for. There are many counterclaim to this debate ranging from psychological harm all the way to it creating the obesity epidemic we are currently facing in our country. One debate that I have heard numerous times is that children learn through playing an actual game verses only in practice. This is ridiculous!To start off, any good player treats practice as Hough it Is a game and puts forth Just as much effort. Coaches demand this Intensity level In practice, so they can adequately prepare their team for the actual games. Practice Is where you learn; games are where you put your skills to the test. If kids actually learned more from games, and the purpose of coaching girl's basketball at the beginning grade school level was in fact to Children should have to earn their playing time. When we enforce the equal playing time rule we are taking away the goal in which the athletes aspire to achieve.We demise the competitive nature of the port, and destroy the heart of the game. Not everybody can be winners, that is the harsh reality of life! Kids put in the effort in practice in order to win games, therefore the best players should be the ones on the court representing their team. Why even keep score if the important is not who wins? Sports are suppose to be a competition thus they are going to have winners and losers. This teaches the kids the importance of sportsmanship and give them something to work towards. Similar to grades In school, some students earn better grades than others and they are rewarded for It.Sports should not be any different and we should allow the better athletes to shine, excel and be praised for their valu ables rather than try and hold them back in order to even out the playing field for other players. No where in life are harder and catch up to the level in which their opponents are at! The physical benefits that some argue are important to implement at such a young age is another argument put forth by the opposing side that I have heard numerous times. They claim that the importance of allowing children to rest in the game is crucial to maintaining their physical health and preventing injuries.The obvious factor in which this statement fails to ring true is that at any level players should be in a good enough physical condition to not only run the full amount of the game but to also be able hustle and go one hundred percent the entire time. This is why practices are usually twice as long as games and any good coach expects their player to hustle throughout every drill. The obesity issue in which parents argue that by benching children it discourages them from playing the sport and thus results in a decrease of physical activity. If the child's main goal is to get physically fit than they should not be n a team sport.There are many individual sports in which a child can strictly work towards bettering themselves without hurting the rest of the team. If a parent is trying to put their child's physical well being on the responsibility of their child's coach that is absurd. A sports season is strictly Just that a season and no coach should have to worry about the child's physical fitness level during a game. If the coach allows the child practice with the team than by far he has fulfilled his duty. Lastly, the main argument that so many parents think they are Justified in preaching s the physiological harm that is instilled in a child that rides the bench.Lack of self confidence and the feeling of unworthiness are claimed to have a more damaging affect on children than the fairy tale reality that equal playing time blinds them with. Why lie to our children? As pa rents and coaches we are suppose to prepare kids to excel at the next levels in life. The ability to get back on their feet after being knocked down and make the most out of any situation by far out shines this cushioning effect that parents insist that coaches to provide. This does nothing but Ella the inevitable and handicap our children from learning the correct coping techniques to excel in not only sports but also in life.One of the best basketball players of all time, Michael Jordan, has been quoted saying, â€Å"If you're trying to achieve, there will be roadblocks. I've had them; everybody has had them. But obstacles don't have to stop you. If you run into a wall, don't turn around and give up. Figure out how to climb it, go through it, or work around it. † It is not Just a game, it is a way of life. When the debate over equal playing is brought up the most important thing to remember is to keep the bigger picture in mind.Yes sports at the grade school level do have t he task of introducing the fundamentals of the game to individuals but they also carry the ability to teach so much more! Let the sport be the teacher and don't manipulate the self guided lessons that players will encounter and benefit immensely from. To instill a sense of entitlement rather than a hard working mentality is exactly what giving the children equal playing is doing. Playing time at any level should be something that an athlete has to earn and the competitive spirit within a game should be praised and fueled not manipulated. Persuasive Essay Keep Cigarette Sale and Production legal: Save the Economy Cigarette smoking dates back to the 9th century; when cigarettes were first invented in Central America, and has become a popular habit since then. Smoking is prevalent all over the world, and it has been estimated that the number of smokers will continue to rise despite the various campaigns taken against it. It is a widely accepted fact that smoking causes many health problems and thousands of people die each year, but should smoking be made illegal?Although smoking is hazardous to health and the environment, but making it illegal is a serious implementation which if not enforced successfully, will lead to huge losses for a particular economy. Should smoking be made illegal, the sale and production of cigarettes will drastically go down as will the number of smokers dying from lung cancer and other smoking related diseases, but prohibiting it by law is too extreme. All over the world, especially in poorer underdeveloped cou ntries a huge number of people are employed by cigarette making companies. If the production of cigarettes is banned, a lot of people will lose jobs.The probability of all of these people getting employed again is low; as most of them are not educated enough to meet the minimum requirement for other jobs and are the sole sources of income for their families. The main reason governments all over the world have not banned cigarette production is the huge amounts of revenue and taxes generated from its sale. These taxes are used to build many important institutions like public schools and hospitals. While it is true there are many more sources of income for the government, in present age we cannot deny the part tobacco companies play in increasing our GDP (Gross Domestic Product). In the year 2000 tax revenue from cigarettes totaled Pak Rs. 19. 8 billion, representing approximately 25% of all excise revenue generated in the country for that year†. (â€Å"Tobacco Control: Current Challenges for Pakistan, 1†). Apart from tobacco farmers and nicotine suppliers, cigarette production provides income for advertising firms, whitening products and mouth fresheners companies. One of the biggest side effects of making cigarette production illegal is the rise of the black markets. Black markets are underground trading places where goods banned by the government are bought and sold.They may also involve trading across borders. It is very likely they start operating in economies where selling cigarettes is banned. Ireland, East Bourne, and Paraguay have some of the highest illicit cigarette trading. The government in UK took strong measures to cut down cigarette production resulting in cigarettes being illegally sold across borders. â€Å"The UK Government has lost at least ? 16. 7 billion tax revenue from the black market sale of cigarettes and hand rolling tobacco over a 5 year period, according to its own statistics†(â€Å"? 16. 7 billion loss in smoki ng tax revenues† ).Though the cigarette companies play an important role in maintaining the economy, the harmful effects of smoking cannot be overlooked. In the recent years, smoking has been known to be the cause of oral cancer, lung cancer, and heart diseases and many more problems, most of which have proved to be fatal. Nicotine used in cigarettes causes brain damage and even abnormalities in child birth. Smokers have bad breath, yellow teeth; burned fingers and are looked upon with disgust. The estimated number of deaths each year by cigarette smoking is 445,000 in the United States.By 2030, this number is expected to rise even more, especially in developing countries where smoking is constantly on the rise. In trying to tackle this problem, governments in almost 30 countries across the world including Pakistan, have made it mandatory to issue warning messages on the cigarette packets by law orders. Even the advertising companies are required to show health concern message s at the end of the advertisement. This means that people buying cigarettes are fully aware of the health risks involved but they still continue to do so.Smoking in a voluntary habit, it is a choice. The solution to this problem lies in educating people about how valuable a human life is and not banning smoking. Cigarettes are an environmental hazard. Cigarette fires are a major threat of smoking, caused mainly by the carelessness of the smoker. While it is true it is a serious problem, it can be prevented by taking a few simple measures. Fire-safe cigarettes are a lot less likely to catch on fire when left unattended and by taking this simple precaution many of these fires can be avoided.Furthermore cigarettes are not biodegradable. It can take a lot of years for them to decompose. This problem can be tackled by improving the recycling and disposable systems of the country. These problems are not so difficult to deal with if just some simple safety measures are taken while making t hem completely illegal will have much more disastrous effects. While the harmful effects of smoking are widely known, research has shown some of the positive effects of smoking as well. Smokers admit that smoking causes soothing, relaxes the mind and helps deal with depression.Scientific studies show that smoking improves concentration and helps to focus. Smokers have proven to have better responsiveness and sharper memory than non-smokers. â€Å"After 40 years  of scientific research on the effects of nicotine, researchers now say that they have sound scientific proof that smoking and nicotine have a significant positive effect on human brain performance†(â€Å"Science is conclusive: tobacco increases work capacity†). Nicotine also is said to enhance new blood vessel development and decrease chances of Parkinson’s disease.Furthermore, nicotine boosts up creativity and innovation. Many famous celebrities, artists, musicians have committed to smoking in the pea k time of their careers. Tobacco which is a major component of cigarettes is also widely used in many other addictive substances, like water pipe tobacco and snuff. The main purpose of making the production of cigarettes illegal is to stop the rising number of deaths occurring each year because of smoking, but if many other alternatives which provide the same level of addiction are available the purpose of the ban is likely to fail.Keeping in mind the pros and cons of making the sale and production of cigarettes illegal, banning smoking will cause more serious and long lasting problems than it will solve. The income generated by this sector of the economy will fall down immensely. Black markets operating in the country will start selling them as smoking is an addiction and is not a habit which can easily be quit. Smoking is often associated with suicide, while it is true smokers die earlier than non-smokers; the final decision depends on the smoker’s discretion.As far as the health and environment issues of smoking are concerned, they are upon the smokers own will and can be stopped if people start caring about their lives and their loved ones. An issue as serious as this one needs to be inspected properly if any decision has to be taken. If the ban on cigarette production is not implemented properly, it will lead to a huge fall in the employment level. If smokers dying every day is such an important concern, what about those people who will lose their jobs permanently? How will they feed their families?In poorer countries no other jobs are available for them and hundreds of families may lose their source of income. The taxes generated by the government will be cut off and much of the development in countries will die down. The true cure lies in making people more aware through advertisements and warning labels which is already been done by many countries all over the world. Because in the end the choice mainly lies in the hand of the smoker, what he or she thinks is more important: his or her own life or the pleasures of smoking. Words: 1310. Works Cited â€Å"? 16. 7 Billion Loss in Smoking Tax Revenues. Freedom 2 Choose. N. p. , n. d. Web. 9 Mar. 2013. . Khan, Javaid. â€Å"Tobacco Control: Current Challenges for Pakistan. †Ã‚  Editorial. N. p. , n. d. Web. 9 Mar. 2013. . Science Is Conclusive: Tobacco Increases Work Capacity. † International Liberty News Network. N. p. , n. d. Web. 9 Mar. 2013. . â€Å"Should Smoking Be Banned? † Debate. org. N. p. , n. d. Web. 9 Mar. 2013. . â€Å"Smoking Thrills but Kills. † Pakistan Today. N. p. , n. d. Web. 9 Mar. 2013. . Persuasive Essay Keep Cigarette Sale and Production legal: Save the Economy Cigarette smoking dates back to the 9th century; when cigarettes were first invented in Central America, and has become a popular habit since then. Smoking is prevalent all over the world, and it has been estimated that the number of smokers will continue to rise despite the various campaigns taken against it. It is a widely accepted fact that smoking causes many health problems and thousands of people die each year, but should smoking be made illegal?Although smoking is hazardous to health and the environment, but making it illegal is a serious implementation which if not enforced successfully, will lead to huge losses for a particular economy. Should smoking be made illegal, the sale and production of cigarettes will drastically go down as will the number of smokers dying from lung cancer and other smoking related diseases, but prohibiting it by law is too extreme. All over the world, especially in poorer underdeveloped cou ntries a huge number of people are employed by cigarette making companies. If the production of cigarettes is banned, a lot of people will lose jobs.The probability of all of these people getting employed again is low; as most of them are not educated enough to meet the minimum requirement for other jobs and are the sole sources of income for their families. The main reason governments all over the world have not banned cigarette production is the huge amounts of revenue and taxes generated from its sale. These taxes are used to build many important institutions like public schools and hospitals. While it is true there are many more sources of income for the government, in present age we cannot deny the part tobacco companies play in increasing our GDP (Gross Domestic Product). In the year 2000 tax revenue from cigarettes totaled Pak Rs. 19. 8 billion, representing approximately 25% of all excise revenue generated in the country for that year†. (â€Å"Tobacco Control: Current Challenges for Pakistan, 1†). Apart from tobacco farmers and nicotine suppliers, cigarette production provides income for advertising firms, whitening products and mouth fresheners companies. One of the biggest side effects of making cigarette production illegal is the rise of the black markets. Black markets are underground trading places where goods banned by the government are bought and sold.They may also involve trading across borders. It is very likely they start operating in economies where selling cigarettes is banned. Ireland, East Bourne, and Paraguay have some of the highest illicit cigarette trading. The government in UK took strong measures to cut down cigarette production resulting in cigarettes being illegally sold across borders. â€Å"The UK Government has lost at least ? 16. 7 billion tax revenue from the black market sale of cigarettes and hand rolling tobacco over a 5 year period, according to its own statistics†(â€Å"? 16. 7 billion loss in smoki ng tax revenues† ).Though the cigarette companies play an important role in maintaining the economy, the harmful effects of smoking cannot be overlooked. In the recent years, smoking has been known to be the cause of oral cancer, lung cancer, and heart diseases and many more problems, most of which have proved to be fatal. Nicotine used in cigarettes causes brain damage and even abnormalities in child birth. Smokers have bad breath, yellow teeth; burned fingers and are looked upon with disgust. The estimated number of deaths each year by cigarette smoking is 445,000 in the United States.By 2030, this number is expected to rise even more, especially in developing countries where smoking is constantly on the rise. In trying to tackle this problem, governments in almost 30 countries across the world including Pakistan, have made it mandatory to issue warning messages on the cigarette packets by law orders. Even the advertising companies are required to show health concern message s at the end of the advertisement. This means that people buying cigarettes are fully aware of the health risks involved but they still continue to do so.Smoking in a voluntary habit, it is a choice. The solution to this problem lies in educating people about how valuable a human life is and not banning smoking. Cigarettes are an environmental hazard. Cigarette fires are a major threat of smoking, caused mainly by the carelessness of the smoker. While it is true it is a serious problem, it can be prevented by taking a few simple measures. Fire-safe cigarettes are a lot less likely to catch on fire when left unattended and by taking this simple precaution many of these fires can be avoided.Furthermore cigarettes are not biodegradable. It can take a lot of years for them to decompose. This problem can be tackled by improving the recycling and disposable systems of the country. These problems are not so difficult to deal with if just some simple safety measures are taken while making t hem completely illegal will have much more disastrous effects. While the harmful effects of smoking are widely known, research has shown some of the positive effects of smoking as well. Smokers admit that smoking causes soothing, relaxes the mind and helps deal with depression.Scientific studies show that smoking improves concentration and helps to focus. Smokers have proven to have better responsiveness and sharper memory than non-smokers. â€Å"After 40 years  of scientific research on the effects of nicotine, researchers now say that they have sound scientific proof that smoking and nicotine have a significant positive effect on human brain performance†(â€Å"Science is conclusive: tobacco increases work capacity†). Nicotine also is said to enhance new blood vessel development and decrease chances of Parkinson’s disease.Furthermore, nicotine boosts up creativity and innovation. Many famous celebrities, artists, musicians have committed to smoking in the pea k time of their careers. Tobacco which is a major component of cigarettes is also widely used in many other addictive substances, like water pipe tobacco and snuff. The main purpose of making the production of cigarettes illegal is to stop the rising number of deaths occurring each year because of smoking, but if many other alternatives which provide the same level of addiction are available the purpose of the ban is likely to fail.Keeping in mind the pros and cons of making the sale and production of cigarettes illegal, banning smoking will cause more serious and long lasting problems than it will solve. The income generated by this sector of the economy will fall down immensely. Black markets operating in the country will start selling them as smoking is an addiction and is not a habit which can easily be quit. Smoking is often associated with suicide, while it is true smokers die earlier than non-smokers; the final decision depends on the smoker’s discretion.As far as the health and environment issues of smoking are concerned, they are upon the smokers own will and can be stopped if people start caring about their lives and their loved ones. An issue as serious as this one needs to be inspected properly if any decision has to be taken. If the ban on cigarette production is not implemented properly, it will lead to a huge fall in the employment level. If smokers dying every day is such an important concern, what about those people who will lose their jobs permanently? How will they feed their families?In poorer countries no other jobs are available for them and hundreds of families may lose their source of income. The taxes generated by the government will be cut off and much of the development in countries will die down. The true cure lies in making people more aware through advertisements and warning labels which is already been done by many countries all over the world. Because in the end the choice mainly lies in the hand of the smoker, what he or she thinks is more important: his or her own life or the pleasures of smoking. Words: 1310. Works Cited â€Å"? 16. 7 Billion Loss in Smoking Tax Revenues. Freedom 2 Choose. N. p. , n. d. Web. 9 Mar. 2013. . Khan, Javaid. â€Å"Tobacco Control: Current Challenges for Pakistan. †Ã‚  Editorial. N. p. , n. d. Web. 9 Mar. 2013. . Science Is Conclusive: Tobacco Increases Work Capacity. † International Liberty News Network. N. p. , n. d. Web. 9 Mar. 2013. . â€Å"Should Smoking Be Banned? † Debate. org. N. p. , n. d. Web. 9 Mar. 2013. . â€Å"Smoking Thrills but Kills. † Pakistan Today. N. p. , n. d. Web. 9 Mar. 2013. .

A Business Relationship

In the short story ‘A Business Relationship’ Carl’s character is revealed as a simple man. He doesn’t need anything over the top, he’s practical when it comes to money and housework, and he’s incredibly thoughtful when it comes to his wife. To start, Carl seems to be a pretty simple man. The way the author describes their home; he didn’t need much to be happy.They had a small house, and not a lot of money but he was satisfied. When it came to their wedding, he wore an old black suit where the minister’s and the janitor were the only witnesses. Secondly, Carl was very practical. When it came to money, he knew exactly how to handle it. He didn’t want to waste it when he didn’t think he needed to use it. For example in the story, when Olga wants to take him to the hospital he refuses. He thinks it’s too expensive to stay there, and that they don’t have enough money for it. Lastly, he was very thoughtful when it came to his wife.When she stated she’d like to look out while she was working at the counter, he built her a window immediately. He liked to compliment her, for example on her gardening, he says ‘no one would ever know you hadn’t come from the country’. And when he had the extra money he’d brought her ‘marigolds and snapdragons to add to her border of wildflowers’. In conclusion, the way the author wrote the story, you can tell a lot about Carl’s personality. The way he speaks, how his wife acts around him, and in what he does. He lives a simple happy life, and he doesn’t need anything more to be pleased.

Surrealist Photography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Surrealist Photography - Essay Example The essay "Surrealist Photography" analyzes photography and surrealism. Phantasmagorical is characterized by fantastic imagery and incongruous juxtapositions. J.C. Powys defines it as the â€Å"incongruous imagery in surreal art and literature†. Beginning mostly in Europe, with some Americans participating, Surrealism featured a number of rebellious and strange artists. They used disjunctive and bizarre comparisons and contexts to try to break through to a cultural subconscious. In the course of making their art, they wanted to expose the hypocrisy that lay at the heart of what they considered to be a decadent, bourgeois world that only they truly understood. The work of Sigmund Freud and his understanding of the human mind had a great impact on the development of surrealism, but the similarly new field of photography truly opened up the field to new speculation. The ideas of Sigmund Freud, which are now relatively widely known, combined with the spiritual goals of Expressioni sm to give rise to Surrealism and its expression of the inner dream-state of the artist. Freud’s ideas include the subdivisions of the human mind into the subconscious and the conscious. Within this distinction, Freud says the true, natural inner nature of the man can only be found within the much larger and mostly secret labyrinth of the subconscious mind. While this subconscious mind cannot be directly accessed by the conscious mind, hints and suggestions from it can be received through dream imagery. Some processes become conscious easily.

Evolutionists and Creationists Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Evolutionists and Creationists - Essay Example As explained in www.pbs.org, evolution is founded on evidences which are attached to universal principles that elucidate visible and verified features of the human race. By learning fossil accounts we have a fine image of the evolution of human life and the series of definite features which have advanced through the years. The detection of fossils, on the other hand, has challenged several in their basic religious viewpoint. Evolution is a continuous process. On a biological stage, evolution takes place on every day basis. Being an evolutionist I am aware of the fact that micro organisms transform, reproduce and go by different types to stay alive in their atmosphere. They take in, adjust and create genetic amendment over generations so as to raise their survival time. This development of new organisms, on the other hand, causes a difficulty for the growth of new antibiotics that are not resistant to some specific micro organisms. This wires Darwin's hypothesis of natural collection. Creationists trust that all existing things were shaped and made by God. The Book of origins, a declaration of believes in the words of Moses is a consideration to have inspiration by God. The book explains the formation of the world and of the origin of human race (Adam & Eve). In accordance with Christians, this is the single material evidence to support their faith in verifying our reality. A creationist may quarrel that the knowledge of evolution cannot confirm nor contradict the reality of God or the Supreme power. Science does not make an allowance for the continuation of a spiritual element, as this can neither be measured nor examined by science with proofs to sustain trust or conviction. In addition, supernatural motions, findings, other spiritual experiences and mysterious events, which a lot of people declare to practice or examine, are possible. Science rejects these claims as 'quackery'. Creationists quarrel that the statistical possibility of our subsistence without an intellectual design is almost unfeasible. This point directs towards the existence of God or an intellectual Supreme Being. Therefore, a large amount of our humanity has the need to trust in religious conviction and the Bible as the basis of all reality. All arguments and theories are still unable to solve this riddle as to what made us. Creationists believe that there is a Powerful Being which has created us and they do not need any evidence for this statement. They have firm believe that faith is enough to get rid of questions and misconceptions. They may furthermore quarrel that if the evolutionist were right in their conviction that we are straight ancestors of the ape then why do apes still survive. Or, if we developed from a particle, where and how did that particle start off When did the time begin The creationist trust the world, time and the Supernatural Being had no commencement or ending and that God always existed, still exists and will exist eternally. However, evolutionists believe in evidences and scientific proofs. With the evolutionistic eagerness and zeal for the mission of scientific answers, this investigation will persist to be more studied until verification of our foundation is exposed. The earth has covered an extensive record of ecological, climatic, soil and water changes.

Nobel Peace Prize laureate Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Nobel Peace Prize laureate - Essay Example In between he served briefly as Prime minister in the year 1973 – 74. This Nobel Prize held a lot of significance to the person receiving it. It is the highest honor for any individual to be recognized for their sincere and selfless efforts taken towards acquiring peace and stability for their country and countrymen. It was Alfred Nobel’s wish that the Peace Prize should be awarded to those noble people who strived hard for brotherhood and peace, sometimes even at the cost of their own lives, as happened to Muhamed Anwar Al Sadat. The Nobel Peace Prize of 1978 was given as a joint award to the Israeli Prime minister Menachen Begin and Muhamed Anwar Al Sadat for their courage in bringing peace to their countries in the face of adversity. The Middle East, for the last thirty years has been torn and ravaged with the scars of so many different wars and was badly in need of peace as well as a strong reconstruction program to help it to its feet once again. This noble deed came in the guise of the President of Egypt, Muhamed Sadat who exerted a lot of effort on the peace front. The Egyptian government was deep in debt and hence was forced to sell its interests to the British Government and linked the Mediterranean Sea with the Indian Ocean through the Suez Canal. These resources were then utilized by the British and the French to lay the foundation for a strong political control over Egypt and its affairs. He completed his education at the Military College. In Egypt and soon after his graduation, he was posted at a distant out post by the government authorities. It was during this time that he met a person called Gamal Abdel Nasser and began a long political association with him, which finally led to his presidency. This out post served as the culmination point of revolutionaries like himself who were determined to overthrow the British rule. Sadat went to jail a couple of times

Project Management Best Practices Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Project Management Best Practices - Essay Example Though PM inherits many methods and features of general management, but that does not indicate that it is similar to dealing with general management. Practical PM skills helps in completion of projects in a timely and efficient manner and encompass proven strategies for clarifying project objectives, avoiding serious omission errors and eliminating costly mistakes. PM encompass two dimensions, project planning and project execution. Each of these dimensions consists of five activities. "Project planning consists of subdivision of work into smaller chunks, quantification, allocating appropriate sequencing of work, proper funding and scheduling" (Howes 2001, p. 15). "Whereas project execution entails costing, measuring project scope, variance tracking and change control, evaluating performance and measuring the extent to which the outcomes are productive" (ibid). Project planning involves breaking down any project into smaller chunks or groups, and then analyse it in the light of its complexity how long each task will take and how each of these activities relate to one another. These relationships serve as the backbone of the proje ct from which we can calculate the timing of each element, and anticipate the activities which seem vital to the success of the project (Reiss 1995, p. 46). Project management comprises of techniques and methods that are based on practical implications and are effectively planned and controlled by project coordinators or managers. The framework within which each of the business activities take place illustrate practical work environment based on the practices that are proven essential in the application of methodologies of modern PM. This is to ensure that credibility establishes and retains between a project manager and a client in such a manner that manager escorts the team to interact with client, so as to understand client's objectives, responsibilities and the need for consistent planning. The technical features of PM helps the managers to learn through trial and error that PM is an integrated series of processes and activities. When applied in a repetitive manner for more than single projects, helps managers to successfully escort a project to its completion. The need for integration among various project processes is evident wherever interfaces must be established for various subtasks to interact with each other. Various subtasks integrate in a situation when a project is required to be assigned to a specific delivery date without any regard for the overall project scope. In the meanwhile project manager identifies any risks or flaws resulting from the chosen approach and communicate that specification to the stakeholders. The project manager along with the stakeholders utilise that information to negotiate and reach to a conclusion on whether the schedule should be extended or it would be better to reduce the product scope to meet the original schedule (Dinsmore & Brewin, 2006, p. 70)2. Timed-Box Scheduling: This approach is used when results are required to produce in a short time span. It emphasises on the notion that projects can be scheduled faster if customers and developers are forced to produce results quickly. This is done by reanalysing deliverables and cut out

Case study/ final paper Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

/ final paper - Case Study Example Integrative approach however involves parties to a conflict in developing solution to a problem rather than seeking a decision while attitudinal structuring is a social based approach that aims at changing people’s behaviors in a set up and intraoganizational bargaining defines extensive discussion within an organizational framework. Either aspect of the theory therefore undermines summery dismissal without a defense opportunity. Another applicable theory to both parties is the contract theory that provides for legality of relationships based on terms and actions rather than intentions of parties to an agreement. It therefore has a legal basis for protecting parties interests (Miller and Jents 497; Denisi and Griffin 330). Initial jurisdiction of the case rests with the industrial court. The contract theory will prevail over the Behavioral theory of labor negotiations because of its foundations from common law that is a recognized source of law while the Behavioral theory of labor negotiations is a secondary approach to the judicial system. I would advise Fred that his action has legal consequences and recommend a favorable resolution outside court before Wilma seeks a legal address. His reference to payback and the mode of expression that communicated intense anger together with slamming of the door identifies apprehension to danger, amounting to tort of assault. A resolution outside the legal framework may therefore reduce or mitigate the possible consequences of Fred’s action if Wilma agrees to forgive him (Miller and Jentz 87). We are interested in recruiting Mr./Mrs. X (Name of applicant) for an important position in our organization, he/she has named you as a referee and we would wish gain the following information from you. The additional information on the applicant’s alcoholism does not change the proposed plan because the condition can be managed by a strong organizational culture. The search committee should be keen on

Islamic economy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Islamic economy - Essay Example Throughout the Muslim nations, the comprehension was nothing was lawful about banks (Thomas 4). The modern setting of Islamic banking began in the 1960s in Egypt; nevertheless, this attempt was unfruitful and limited to certain contemporary setting. There were two events that triggered and spread the development of Islamic economy. The first event was the OPEC oil crisis as it was referred to in the west; however, unlike in the west, quotas and increased oil prices resulted in increased GDP per capita in the oil-producing Islamic nations. This resulted in increase of gross savings, consumption and most significantly demand for a banking system fit with Islamic regulations for devout Muslims. The second trigger was the Islamic revolution in Iran because it inspired the Iranian government to require a banking system that complies with Islamic sharia’a laws (Thomas 55). Recognition of non-western economic thought remedied the prevailing ignorance in the west regarding contributio n of Arab-Muslim thinkers in economics. Islamic economists criticized the assumptions upon which conventional economics based and their policies. Islam emphasizes communal responsibility and harmony of the Muslim nations or Muslim community. Islamic economists associated utilitarian to hedonism, which they considered as a replacement of the moral values. Unlike Marxist approach to remuneration that considers labor as a source of value; Islamic economists identify the legitimacy of rental income together with profits. With inbuilt deepness and breadth of Islamic commercial law, current jurists find realistic and hypothetical jurisprudence upon which to draw solution when confronted with disputes of the contemporary marketplace. The initial few decades of modern Islamic economy was a period of revival and the last decade has been an era of significant innovation. Modern Muslim jurist provide sharia’a-compliant solutions to the expanding spectrum of needs. Toward the end of the 1980s, the situation began to change with Islamic and banking and economy growing beyond the expectations of Islamic economy supporters. Since then, Islamic finance has become a growth industry with several multinational banks and asset management companies taking interest in the development of Islamic economy (Thomas 5). Within the banking and finance industry significant developments began with the significant reason being the progress made by Muslim jurisprudence to, understanding the modern business of commerce and applying sharia’a principles. An additional reason was the development of facilities by sharia’a boards with normal contracts allowing Islamic economies to be at ease with the novel organization. The renewal of Islamic commercial energy led to the development of cooperation and helpful interactions between Muslims and people with different religious backgrounds. Acceptance of sharia’a in Islamic economies does not lead to rejection of tools necess ary for economic analysis; rather, it implies evaluation of economic policy with moral perspective according to religious teachings (Thomas 8). Apart from oil and gas-rich states, many Muslim economies are either low or middle-income developing nations, where often

Marketing research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Marketing research - Essay Example The primary advantage of using internet as a means to reach target audience is that it is widely accessible; it is very quick in registering responses; it can catch response from a large number of audiences and last but not the least it has reduced the cost of carrying out research (Sekaran, 2006). These primary benefits of using internet as a tool for carrying out research are augmented by facts like: internet has inculcated in small and medium enterprises the habit of conducting or reverting to research when encountering an operational issue; internet has allowed students at various levels to extract information from previous researches and use that information in their own assignments; internet has also allowed researchers to seek responses from individuals who were reluctant to participate in focused group survey. Like these benefits there are other benefits as well of using internet as a means to conduct a research and gather responses. Internet technology has made it possible f or researchers to reach geographically dispersed respondents. It has supporting technologies like video conferencing and instant chant rooms which allows researchers of a field to gather at a place simultaneously, without incurring any cost. This type of research is carried out by means of group ware technology and this method is known as Delphi method. Internet has freed sponsored respondents from the tedious process of registering their responses to the posted mail, containing the questionnaire. Now they simply can go online to fill out the questionnaire in a hassle free manner. However, as mentioned earlier there are some negative aspects of internet, encountered when conducting quantitative or qualitative researches. The most troubling negative aspect of internet research is that it is totally callous when it comes to respecting respondents’ private time, when they do not feel like answering to research question. This is not the only facet of this issue; sometimes online research agencies send questionnaires to respondents without their consent to participate in this research, which leads to respondent’s annoyance. If this scenario is removed from the picture, even then there are a number of problems which can come up, for instance the online questionnaire might not open on the browser used by the respondents. This further leads to respondent’s agitation. Other problems with this form of surveys is that there are chances that the expected respondents of this survey do not fill these questionnaires, while respondents who are not fit to form the sample population of the survey might go on to fill in these form leading to corrupt data being collected and presented during the research findings. The research findings based on this malign data will not be authentic and if published will lead to a spread of knowledge that is wrong. And if by chance this finding gets implemented that it may result in heavy losses for the party implementing it (Nancarrow, Pallister and Brace, 2001). Other issues of conducting research over the internet are that sometimes customers might feel agitated by a questionnaire in their inbox, they might think of it as an invasion to their privacy or as something having a malign content in it that might threaten the integrity of their personal computer. Also there are strict guidelines set by major research agencies and associations as to what questions can be asked from a particular

War Poems Essay Example for Free

War Poems Essay Wars pre-1914 were very different to WW1. Wars such as the Boer War and the Crimean War were fought by soldiers using mainly sabres and muskets. These wars had little in the way of powerful weaponry such as heavy weight machine guns. WW1 also saw the beginning of trench warfare, tanks, planes and gases. Almost all of the poetry written during WW1 was written while the soldiers were on the front lines. Pre-1914 poetry however, was written by poets back in England. Education really developed during the Victorian times and poets were able to read about the wars going on in other countries. New newspapers and magazines were published, inspiring writers and poets to write about the battles. Even though this was a positive thing, the poets of pre-1914 never had the first hand experience that WW1 poets had. The wars occurred because Britain wanted to build up its empire. The Crimean War arose because Britain and France were afraid of Russia’s power over the collapsing Turkish Empire. The allies landed in the Crimea and war broke out. A number of battles took place in various areas of South Africa against Boer settlers. The Boer War was mainly about the gold and diamond deposits. British troops claimed the land of the Orange Free State and Transvaal in 1900, but the Boers fought back. Britain won eventually, after burning farms and moving women and children into ‘concentration camps’. The poem The Charge of the Light Brigade was written by Alfred Tennyson. He was Poet Laureate at the time of the Crimean War, which took place from 1854 to 1856, between the Allies and Russia. Tennyson based his poem on a newspaper article in The Times. The article briefly explained the events that occurred during the Charge of the Light Brigade. The Charge is a well known example of the bravery and foolishness of war. Tennyson presents war in a noble, devoted way. The first lines of The Charge of the Light Brigade are written in dactylic dimeter. Tennyson uses this technique in the first two lines. â€Å"Half a league, half a league, Half a league onward† It sounds like the galloping of horses. It is an effective way of portraying the image of the horsemen riding into battle, creating the relentlessness of the charge. The notion that the horsemen are in danger is quickly introduced by â€Å"valley of Death†. The word ‘Death’ is personified, giving the idea that death is a figure that looms over the valley. This phrase is repeated three times in the poem, showing that death is inevitable. In verse two the rhetorical question is put forward by Tennyson â€Å"Was there a man dismayed?†. The next line reveals a mistake had been made â€Å"Some one had blundered†. In spite of this fact, the soldiers bravery is highlighted by the lines â€Å"Their’s not to make reply, Their’s not to reason why, Their’s but to do and die†, as all six hundred men courageously rode forward. The first few lines in verse three â€Å"Cannon†, and â€Å"Volleyed and thundered† are examples of onomatopoeia. The words are imitating the cannon fire, when they pull back and then the ball explodes out. You can also visualize the horsemen being surrounded by the cannons, and how brave they are to ride into the â€Å"jaws of Death†. The personification of death makes it even more terrifying. The cavalry is slightly glamorized as their sabres are said to have ‘flashed’, making you think they’re new and shining. Tennyson then goes on to explain the smoke, showing his possible naivety about the war, because if the air was smoky the sabres couldn’t possibly have ‘flashed’. This line is also very similar to â€Å"And the regiment blind with dust and smoke† from Vitai Lampada, There is a loose rhyming scheme throughout the poem. This creates a random effect which could be interpreted as the random stabbing of the sabres. At the end of verse four â€Å"Then they rode back but not, Not the six hundred† the repetition of ‘not’ emphasizes the loss of men. The Charge of the Light Brigade is split into six verses, each verse ending with the words â€Å"six hundred†. The repetition of these words highlights how many people risked and lost their lives in the confrontation with the Russians. The fifth is a repeat of verse three up to the line â€Å"While horse and hero fell.† This is a huge contrast to the alternative line â€Å"Boldly they rode and well† in verse three. The dissimilarity shows the turn of events and emotions. Tennyson focuses on the valour of the soldiers in the last verse, ending with â€Å"Noble six hundred†. This is a very patriotic ending, and is similar in that way to Vitai Lampada. Drummer Hodge was written by Thomas Hardy, who wrote some of the best poems about the Boer War, including A Wife In London. Poetry was very prominent during the Boer War 1899-1902. It was published in the popular newspapers and magazines. Unlike The Charge of the Light Brigade, Drummer Hodge takes a very negative out look on war. It is about a young boy from the country who goes to war as the army drummer to motivate the troops. Hardy based the poem on an article he read in his local newspaper. Thinking how sad it was; he based the poem upon this particular individual. The disrespect for the young boy is shown in the first line â€Å"They throw in Drummer Hodge, to rest†. We know they buried Drummer Hodge without a coffin â€Å"Uncoffined just as found†. The idea that he is in the same state as he was when he died is appalling. The unfamiliarity of the land Hodge is buried in is demonstrated by native words like â€Å"kopji† and â€Å"karoo†. These are South African words. Personification is used effectively in the line â€Å"strange-eyed constellations†. This alludes to the feeling that drummer Hodge is being taken care of by the stars. Hardy also expresses the unfamiliarity by referring to the ‘foreign’ stars at the end of each verse. Hardy is trying to emphasis the young boy’s isolation and by using phrases like â€Å"the broad Karoo† a karoo being a vast desert land, he achieves this. Alternate rhyme is used in Drummer Hodge to create a pace and to help get the point across that we are moving forward in time. The same rhyme scheme is used in The Hyaenas, though it doesn’t have the same effect. The lines â€Å"Grow to some southern treereign His star eternally† suggest that Hodge will live on forever in some way or another. This gives a hopeful ending to a poem that is very negative. Another poem that has a particularly negative outlook on war is A Wife In London, also written by Thomas Hardy. This poem depicts the story of a typical war time wife in London, focusing on the human cost of war. We know this immediately from the title. ‘A’ implies that there were more stories of a similar nature that could be told. Hardy describes a desolate wife awaiting news of her husband, fighting in the Boer War. The poem is ironic and shows how war can so harshly affect someone so far from the fighting. A Wife In London is split into two main sections. The first explains the tragedy that took place, the second section is the irony of the story. Much like Drummer Hodge, A Wife In London can also be split into different time frames. The â€Å"tawny vapor† mentioned in the first line, can be compared to the fog and smoke experienced on the battlefield. This implies that though she is far from her husband they are still connected. It could also symbolise the isolating, physical effects that a dense fog would have on you. Pathetic fallacy is used throughout the poem to portray the emotions felt by the wife. Thick fog often has a confusing affect on people and the atmosphere it creates is felt by the reader. In the line â€Å"The street lamp glimmers cold† the lamp going cold could represent the death of her husband and possibly her fading hopes for his return. The use of harsh sounds like ‘cold’ and ‘crack‘ can be compared to the sound of a gun shot. The next verse begins with the use of hard onomatopoeia â€Å"knock cracks†. The harsh sounds are in contrast to the soporific language of the first verse. The telegram tells her that her husband has died in South Africa â€Å"He has fallen in the far South Land†. The dashes could show how she read the telegram. The story then moves on in time â€Å"‘Tis the morrow†, the second section showing the next day. The thick fog that is mentioned, gives the idea that she is confused and isolated from the world around her. The line â€Å"His hand, whom the worm now knows† leaves the distressing image of her husband’s body decaying in the ground with the worms. This is in stark contrast to the next line â€Å"Fresh-firm-penned in highest feather† when he was still alive. The last three lines have a different tone to the rest of the poem. The country setting is in contrast to the initial London scene; the summer weather is in contrast to the tawny fog and the â€Å"new love that they would learn†, shows a feeling of togetherness and hopefulness for the future, which ironically will never be. Unlike A Wife In London, Vitai Lampada is a very nationalistic poem. It was written by Henry Newbolt, the most patriotic poet of his time. The poem was written in 1892, at the end of Queen Victoria’s rein. It is based on the story of a group of public school boys who are initially playing cricket. Time moves on and the same group of boys are fighting to defend the Empire. The title Vitai Lampada meaning the torch of life, reflects the patriotic message the poem gives. The first line of the poem has a calmative effect on the reader with the use of the words â€Å"breathless hush†. The words are referring to the anticipation felt before a cricket match. It could also give a ‘calm before the storm’ effect. The storm being not only the impending cricket match, but also the war. Newbolt uses the cricket match as a synonym for war. He equates valour with sportsmanship with the idea wars could follow game rules. â€Å"An hour to play and the last man in.† tells us that it’s their last chance for victory. The boys are presented as unselfish and patriotic â€Å"And it’s not for the sake of a ribboned coat†. The encouraging line â€Å"Play up! play up! and play the game!† is repeated at the end of each verse. This is a way of showing the willingness of the boys to participate, at the start of the poem in a cricket match and later in battle. Vitai Lampada highlights the fine line between being a teenager happily playing cricket on your school team and then finding yourself on a bloody battlefield defending Queen and Country. None of these boys would have been fully aware of the horrors that they would face, â€Å"The river of death has brimmed his banks† is an example of the hundreds of men that lost their lives in the war. Newbolt uses colour to portray the strong emotion felt by those fighting. ‘Red’ expresses the anger and passion of war in general. Another use of the word red, â€Å"The sand of the desert is sodden red† illustrates the amount of bloodshed caused by war. In the third verse the school is seen as a place of solidity. A place that continues to teach the same moral values throughout time, â€Å"This is the word that year by year, While in her place the school is set.† The line, â€Å"And none that hears it dare forget† could be referring to the many other boys that will go through the school and eventually leave long after the war is over. The boys won’t forget the men that fought and lost their lives in battle. Repetition is used as a way of showing comradeship between the men â€Å"Play up! play up! and play the game!† is the school moto which will see them though life. In Tennyson’s The Charge of the Light Brigade, the use of the repetitious line â€Å"Rode the six hundred† at the end of each verse, also gives a feel of pride and comradeship. The poem that had the most impact on me was A Wife In London. One of the main reasons for this was the fact that it’s from a womans perspective. I can identify more closely to a woman who isn’t taking part in the fighting, as opposed to a man who is fighting in battle. The language used in A Wife In London has a mournful effect on the reader. Although the other poems are strident in their parlance, A Wife In London still manages to be powerful in its over all calming use of language. I particularly like the use of rhyme as I feel it helps the poem flow. Thomas Hardy has structured the poem in a very clever way, using sections to symbolize different times. I thought the metering used throughout the poem complimented the rhyming scheme. The other poems I analysed, The Charge of the Light Brigade and Vitai Lampada were, if Im being honest, much more difficult for me to empathise with. Although I appreciate the sentiment behind the words, I found that ‘flashing sabres’ and ‘sodden red’ dessert sands were ‘not really my cup of tea’. This didn’t make it more difficult for me to anaylse, but it did affect my over all enjoyment. I preferred the more subtle choice of language in the two poems by Thomas Hardy.

The Impossibility in the Quest for Adventure Essay Example for Free

The Impossibility in the Quest for Adventure Essay Growing up in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, James Joyce experienced the hardships plaguing Irish society first-hand. Born just forty years after the Great Famine, he frequently heard about the mass suffering that killed over a million of the Irish people. This suffering continued even decades later as his family lived in dire poverty and constant struggle. To escape such harsh and stifling conditions, Joyce spent much of his youth wandering the streets of Dublin. As a result, many of his struggles and realizations mirror the struggles and realizations of the characters in his short stories. In Eveline and A Little Cloud, Joyce emphasizes the futility he found in the quest for adventure in order to escape reality. In his short story Eveline, Joyce illustrates the impossibility of escaping from the harsh realities of a difficult home situation and an abusive father. Joyce describes how even though Eveline was nineteen, she sometimes felt herself in danger of her fathers violence(33). However, not only is she physically in danger but she is also emotionally suffocated by her difficult and restricted life. For example, she has to give all of her wages to her father, keep the house together, and watch over her two younger siblings. This suffocation exists throughout the story, through the image of the dusty cretonne. Joyce describes how Eveline would [lean] her head against the window curtain, inhaling the odor of the dusty cretonne(35). Symbolically, Eveline is suffocated by her feelings of nostalgia and obligation to stay home and fulfill her domestic duties. She thinks about running off with her lover Frank to Buenos Ayres to escape this stifled environment and make her happier and more fulfilled. At the same time, however, she constantly struggles with the idea of leaving home. Joyce emphasizes the impossibility of escape throughout the story as Eveline [weighs] each side of the questions(32). She notes that on one hand, leaving home would mean she would leave the people she had known her whole life and would also prevent her fulfilling the promise she had made to her dead mother to stay. She also worried about what people would say if she ran away with Frank. However, only a few sentences later, she expresses her desire to travel to a distant unknown country where she would be married and where people would treat her with respect(33). Evelines conflict climaxes at the end of the story when she cant bring herself to board the ship to Buenos Ayres with Frank. Joyce describes how all the seas of the world tumbled about her heart and how Frank would drown her(36). Just as the dusty cretonne of her home situation is suffocating, Evelines quest for adventure and escape from that situation make her feel as if she is drowning. In both cases she emblematically cannot breathe. In the end, her nostalgia, promise to her mother, and her fear of the unknown that prevent her from fulfilling her quest for adventure and relieving her from her everyday struggles. Little Chandler in Joyces short story A Little Cloud has a similar epiphany. He too is lured to the quest for adventure but eventually realizes the futility in his pursuit. His desire to escape from the ordinariness of his life is first seen when he meets with his old friend Ignatius Gallaher who has traveled the world and become a successful journalist. As Gallaher talks about his experiences, Little Chandler reflects on what stood in his way of becoming what he wanted to be in life-a poet. He comments that he was sure that he could do something better than his friend had ever done, or could ever do yet he questions what stood in his way. After he returns home he thinks more about Gallehers adventures and compares them to what he sees as his dull existence. For example, as he looks at a picture of his wife he notes that the composure of [her] eyes irritated and repelled him. He also notices that they had no passion, especially when compared to the rich Jewesses that Gallaher had described so vividly. Little Chandler noted how their dark, oriental eyes were so full of passion and asked himself why had he married the eyes in the photograph?(81). At this point, Little Chandlers desire for adventure is seen most clearly. He asks himself could he not escape from his little house? Was it too late for him to try to live bravely like Gallaher?(81). As he holds his child in his arms his question is answered; he realizes that his quest is hopeless. As the child cries, the poems that Little Chandler had been reading become less and less auditable. The poems, written by a romantic Irish poet, seem to represent the possibility for Little Chandler to escape. As the childs cries take over the poetry, reality also takes over the possibility of adventure and escape for Little Chandler. He now realizes that he is in fact a prisoner for life(82).

Orr-sommerfeld Stability Analysis of Two-fluid Couette Flow

Orr-sommerfeld Stability Analysis of Two-fluid Couette Flow ORR-SOMMERFELD STABILITY ANALYSIS OF TWO-FLUID COUETTE FLOW WITH SURFACTANT V.P.T.N.C.Srikanth BOJJA1* , Maria FERNANDINO1, Roar SKARTLIEN2 ABSTRACT In the present work, the surfactant induced instability of a sheared two fluid system is examined. The linear stability analysis of two-fluid couette system with an amphiphilic surfactant is carried out by developing Orr-Sommerfeld type stability equations along with surfactant transport equation and the system of ordinary differential equations are solved by Chebyshev Collocation method[1,2]. Linear stability analysis reveals that the surfactant either induces Marangoni instability or significantly reduces the rate at which small perturbations decay. Keywords:Linear stability, Orr-Sommerfeld, Marangoni mode, Amphiphilic surfactant. NOMENCLATURE A complete list of symbols used, with dimensions, is given. Greek Symbols Growth rate Surfactant concentration Mass density, [kg/m3]. Dynamic viscosity, [kg/m.s]. Height of perturbed inteface Surface tension Wave number ,Stream functions Latin Symbols Capillary number Marangoni number Number of Collocation pints Reynolds number Plate/Wall velocity Complex wave spped Width of fluid layer Amplitude of Pressure disturbance Amplitude of surfactant concentration disturbance Amplitude of interface perturbation Viscosity ratio Depth ratio Shear of basic velocity Velocity, [m/s]. Sub/superscripts Index i. Index j. Perturbed quantities Base state quantities INTRODUCTION Two layer channel flows and flows with and without surfactants have been given considerable importance because of its numerous industrial applications. Oil recovery[3], lubricated pipelining[4], liquid coating processes[5] are typical industrial situations where Two layer channel flows are often seen. Surfactants also have wide range of industrial applications for example in enhanced oil recovery[6]. Using Perturbation analysis, the primary instability of the two-layer plane Couette–Poiseuille flow was studied by Yih[7] and his studies revealed that even at small Reynolds numbers, the interface is susceptible to long-wave instability associated with viscosity stratification. Yiantsios Higgins[8] later extended this study for small to large values of wavenumber and confirmed the existence of the shear mode instability. Boomkamp Miesen[9] came up with the method of an energy budget for studying instabilities in parallel two-layer flows, where energy is supplied from the primary flow to the perturbed flow and instability appears at sufficiently long wave numbers through the increase of kinetic energy of an infinitesimal disturbance with time. In the presence of surfactant at the sheared interface, Frenkel Halpern[10,11] discovered that even in the stokes flow limit, the interface is unstable as the surfactant induces Marangoni instability, which was later confirmed by Blyt h Pozrikidis[12]. In the case of Stokes flow, they identified two normal modes, the Yih mode due to viscosity stratification inducing a jump in the interfacial shear, and the Marangoni mode associated with the presence of the surfactant. In contrast, at finite Reynolds numbers, infinite number of normal modes are possible and by parameter continuation with respect to the Reynolds number the most dangerous Yih and Marangoni modes can be identified. In this article, the effect of an insoluble surfactant on the stability of two-layer couette channel flow is studied in detail for low to moderate values of the Reynolds number. To isolate the Marangoni effect, gravity was suppressed in this problem and this was done by considering equal density fluids. Linear stability analysis was carried out by formulating Orr–Sommerfeld boundary value problem, which was solved numerically using Chebyshev collocation method[1][2] for all wavenumbers. Both Marangoni mode and Shear mode are detected and utmost focus is given to Marangoni mode as Shear mode is always stable at moderate to long wavenumbers under the influence of inertia. The rest of the paper is organized as follows. In  § Model description, the governing equations for the system in question are laid out, Normal mode analysis of the physical system is carried out, Orr–Sommerfeld boundary value problem is formulated. General description of Chebyshev collocation method and detailed description of numerical simulation of Orr–Sommerfeld boundary value problem by Chebyshev collocation method and validation of numerical method with literature data is given in  § Numerical method. Detailed discussion of results done in  § Results. The concluding remarks and outlook for further-work in  § Conclusions. Finally acknowledgements in and  §Acknowledgemnts. Model description Consider two super-imposed immiscible liquid layers between two infinite parallel plates located at, as in Fig. 1. Let the basic flow be driven only by steady motion of plates. It is well known that the basic ‘‘Couette’’ velocity profiles are steady and vary only in the span-wise direction and in the basic state, the unperturbed interface between the liquids is flat and is located at. The gravity is suppressed in this problem by considering equal densities in order to investigate the effects of surfactant and inertia on the stability of the system under consideration. The subscripts 1 and 2 refer to the lower or upper fluid, respectively and channel walls move in the horizontal direction, x, with velocities and. The interface is occupied by an insoluble surfactant with surface concentration which is only convected and diffused over the interface, but not into the bulk of the fluids thus locally changing the surface tension . Governing equations The mass and momentum conservation equations governing the two-layer system are , (1) Where subscript represents lower and upper liquid layers respectively. Here , Figure 1: Schematic sketch of Couette-Poiseuille flow with surfactant laden interface. The perturbed interface is shown as sinusoidal curve. is the concentration of insoluble surfactant. The associated boundary conditions for the system are no slip and no penetration boundary conditions at the walls. ,at and ,at The associated interface conditions are continuity of velocity, tangential stress and normal stress. Continuity of velocity at the interface , at The tangential and normal stress conditions at the interface are given by (2) Where are stress tensors, is unit normal, is unit tangent and Kinematic interfacial condition is The surfactant transport equation[13] at the interface is given by (3) Where is surface molecular diffusivity of surfactant. is usually negligible and neglected in this case. We introduce dimension less variables as follows , , , , The dimensionless variables in base state for the couette flow with flat interface and uniform surfactant concentration are given by , ( ) and , () Where is shear of basic velocity at interface and is given by We consider the perturbed state with small deviation from the base state: ,,,, Now we represent disturbance velocity in disturbance stream-functions and such that ,,, Performing normal mode analysis by substituting Where is wave number of the disturbance, and are constants, and is the complex wave speed. Linearizing the kinematic boundary condition yields . Linerarizing the dimensionless x and y-components of Navier-Stokes equation (2) followed by subtraction from the corresponding base state equations and elimination of pressure terms, yields two 4th order Orr-Sommerfield ODEs in stream-functions, one for each fluid. (4a) (4b) Where is the Reynolds number and . (when,) Boundary conditions at wall in terms of stream-functions are (5a) (5b) Continuity of velocity at interface gives , (5c) Linearization of normal stress condition gives (5d) Linearization of surfactant transport equation gives Linearization of tangential stress balance condition gives Where is the Marangoni number. By substituting the value of from linearized surfactant transport equation in linearized tangential stress balance condition gives (5e) For each value of Eqs. (4),(5) forms a eigen value problem, which was numerically solved using chebyshev collocation method[1,2] and QZ algorithm for determining the complex phase velocity . Numerical method The two Orr-Sommerfield equations eqs. (4) along with eight boundary conditions eqs. (5) are solved numerically using Pseudo-spectral Chebyshev collocation method[1,2]. To implement the Chebyshev method, we transformed each of the two fluid domains into standard Chebyshev domain that is Fluid 1 domain is mapped to and Fluid 2 domain is mapped to by substituting and respectively. Next, we represent each stream function as truncated summation of orthogonal Chebyshev polynomials by setting. and(6) Where and are unknown Chebyshev coefficients and N is the number of Cheyshev collation points in each domain. Upon substituting eq. (6) in eq. (4) and projecting them on to arbitrary orthogonal functions and respectively by taking the Chebyshev inner product, . these two Chebyshev inner products forms N-3 equations each summing up to 2N-6 equations and N+1 coefficients in and N+1 coefficients . 2N-6 equations along with 8 boundary conditions obtained by substituting eq. (6) in eq. (5) and 2N+2 coefficients forms a linear system Where, and,are square matrices of size 2N+2. This generalized eigen value problem was solved by QZ algorithm to obtain and subsequently growth rate, .We used, above which the eigen values are independent of number of collocation points. The accuracy of the Numerical method is checked by comparing current results with published literature[10] for the Two layer couette flow with an insoluble surfactant in stokes flow limit. To make this comparison, growth rates are calculated by muting the inertial terms by settingin the our code and with same parameters as in Halpern’s[10] Fig 2a and Fig 2b, where growth rates are predicted by long-wave evolution equation. Fig xxx shows excellent agreement between two numerical procedures. Figure 2: Dispersion curves for the most (a)Unstable Figure 3: Dispersion curve for the (solid line), (dashed line), at, ,, RESULTS and discussions Blyth and Pozrikidis[14] observed that in the Stoke’s flow limit, there exists two modes that govern the stability of a two-layer couette flow system with surfactant: the Marangoni mode and the Yih mode associated with surfactant and the clean liquid-liquid interface respectively. But on the other hand, in flows with inertia, there exists more than two normal modes. From Fig. 3, the broken line corresponding to is above the solid line, which corresponds to , it is evident that the surfactant in the presence of inertia has significantly reduced the rate at which small perturbations decay. Earlier stability analysis for stoke flow in presence of surfactant opens up a range of unstable wave numbers extending from zero up to the critical wavenumber .The neutral stability curve Fig. 4 for values (,, and ) is in accordance with the earlier stokes flow stability analysis and in addition at , a second small window of stable wave numbers appears to form an island of stable modes, wit h the island tip located at . In Fig. 5 we plot the growth rate of the Marangoni mode against the Reynolds number, up to and beyond, for , corresponding to the stable island tip. At, linear stability for Stokes flow predicts the growth rate, for the Marangoni mode. The present results confirms that the Marangoni mode at marks the inauguration of the lower stable loop. In Fig. 6 for a fixed Reynolds number , we show the dependence of the growth rates of the Marangoni mode on the wave number. The close-up near , presented in Fig. 6(b), shows that the Marangoni mode has negative growth rate for small band of wave numbers ranging from and has positive growth rate thereafter up-to , beyond which the Marangoni mode is stable again. These results clearly demonstrate the crucial role of the surfactant, which either provokes instability or significantly lowers the rate of decay of infinitesimal perturbations. Figure 4: Neutral stability curves for ,, and Figure 5: Growth rate vs. Reynolds number for the Marangoni mode for, , , , , Figure 6: Dispersion curve for the Marangoni mode (solid line) for,, , ,, (b) Zoom-in of (a) around Figure 7: Neutral stability curves for , , and (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) Further, we investigated the effect of Marangoni number on the stability of the system under consideration via Fig 7(a) and this shows that in the devoid of surfactant that is at there is very small band of wavenumbers where the system is unstable for any Reynolds number. Moreover around the band of unstable wavenumbers is slightly larger than at any arbitrary Re. In presence of surfactant, Fig. 7(b)-7(e) a second small window of stable wave numbers appears to form