Martin Luther Cuts All Ties With Catholic Church

Kristopher Hall Mr. Mauldin Honors World Literature 10 10 December 2015 Martin Luther: Cuts All Ties with Catholic Church I. Introduction Whether you believe in a higher power or not, religion has impacted our lives in some way. Vice versa, people can make an impact on religions and transform them to what we know today. Take for example Martin Luther. He was a man looking to simply reform the Roman Catholic Church and its preaching’s because he disagreed with it. With his many ideas, strong will, and criticisms, he forever changed the world. Martin challenged and rebelled against The Catholic Church’s beliefs and with time, the church’s authority and power declined. Most of Luther’s success however comes from 3 main things; the writing of his 95 Thesis, translating the bible into vernacular German, and all leading up to the start of the Protestant Reformation. II. Biography Born in Eislenben in Saxony (now known as Germany) on November 10, 1483, Martin Luther was the first born son to Hans and Margaret Luther. Living in his home town for only a few months, his father moved the family to Mansfield to pursue a career in mining (Forster). As you can imagine, changing career fields was harsh for the Luther family. Constantly worried about their financial state Martin Luther remembers his childhood to be full of poverty (Manns 12). Hans wanting a better life for Martin, instead of sending him to work in the mines, set him to the Mansfield town school when he was just 6Show MoreRelatedThe Reformation Of The King s Romance With Anne Boleyn Or Popular Discontent Essay1860 Words   |  8 Pagesled to the Church of England breaking away from the authority of the Pope and the Roman Catholic Church. The purpose of this essay is to argue that the most decisive feature of the Henrician reformation was the King’s determination to conceive a male heir, in orde r to prevent another succession crisis, like those of 1453 and 1461. In doing so, the essay will provide evidence that supports the prominence of this claim over the claims that religious differences with the Catholic Church, the King’sRead MoreThere Is an Inevitable Negative Effect between Religion and Politics1537 Words   |  6 PagesBelieving in an idea that regulates everyone’s life, will influence all aspects of everyone’s life. One simply cannot live a â€Å"Christian life† solely involving religion and divide themselves when they deal with politics. Thus believing in anything shapes each individual as a person: creates their boundaries, defines morality, and what is just and unjust. Therefore, religion will always be tied into politics. 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Symbolism,Characterization, and Faith in Hawthornes...

Symbolism,Characterization, and Faith in Young Goodman Brown Faith is believing what you can’t see or touch. Faith is knowing something especially when there is no proof to back it up. â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† is a story about a man who leaves his wife, Faith, home alone for a night while he journeys with the devil down the road of temptation. During the course of his journey, the man sees many people who seem out of place, including his wife. When he returns home to Salem, he is a changed man. In this story, Nathaniel Hawthorne uses symbolism and characterization in order to imply that when an individual loses faith in the goodness of mankind, that individual may conclude that mankind (including friends and family) has given in†¦show more content†¦Later in the journey Brown offers his faith as the last reason to abort his walk with the devil: Well, then, to end the matter at once,... there is my wife, Faith. It would break her dear little heart; and Id rather break my own! (214). At this point his faith is still more important to him than his own life. Later, just after doubting whether there really is a Heaven, Browns trust in his faith is changed as he imagines that even Faith is traveling along the same road of temptation. He exclaims, My Faith is gone! There is no good on earth; and sin is but a name. Come, devil! For to thee is this world given(217). Goodman Browns faith in humanity is completely destroyed. He concedes the earth and all mankind to the devil. At the end of the story Hawthorne shows that Browns love for his Faith is damaged forever: ...he shrank from the bosom of Faith, and at morning or eventide, when the family knelt down at prayer, he scowled, and muttered to himself, and gazed sternly at his wife and turned away(221). The journey had changed Browns relationship with Faith, because it changed his faith in mankind. Hawthorne uses characterization to imply that when individuals lose their faith in the goodness of mankind, they may begin to imagine that their peers have yielded to temptation. The journey through the woods changes Browns thoughts about the goodness ofShow MoreRelatedThe Fall Of The House Of Usher2041 Words   |  9 Pagesquite popular today. One of Hawthorne’s most popular short stories include the writing of â€Å"Young Goodman Brown.† What makes Hawthorne so progressive in today’s literary world is the fact that he makes a smooth transition from symbolism to allegory in his writings. Edgar Allan Poe uses a more gothic style of writing that gives his science fiction literature unique character. One of Poe’s more popular stories is â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher† in which he uses deep symbolism and imagery to tell the storyRead MoreBiography of Nathaniel Hawthorne1273 Words   |  6 Pagescharacter, views, and faith. Although all parents try their best to successfully raise their children, even the most perfect of families cannot hide their deep, dark secrets forever. Raised as a Puritan, Nathaniel Hawthorne grew up with a devout family intensely immersed in religion. As he matured, Hawthorne discovered that his seemingly pious family was disturbingly flawed, a discovery that would radically change his life. In his short story â€Å"Young Goodman Brown,† Nathaniel Hawthorne’s Puritan family secretsRead MoreNathaniel Hawthorne s Young Goodman Brown1324 Words   |  6 Pages(Tarantino). In Nathaniel Hawthorne’s story â€Å"Young Goodman Brown†, Brown is the righteous man following a path beset on all sides by evil. Hawthorne utilizes the fictional elements of symbolism, characterization, and setting to discuss the story’s theme of temptation of the wrong choices over the right. This story is based in Hawthorne’s home town Salem. The story is about a man’s j ourney through a forest where he is intercepted by the devil on his way to a black mass. Goodman Brown is torn between continuingRead More How Young Goodman Brown Became Old Badman Brown Essay1596 Words   |  7 Pagesmost of his stories, such as The Scarlet Letter, The Blithedale Romance, and â€Å"Young Goodman Brown†. Today, readers still appreciate Hawthornes work for its storytelling qualities and for the moral and theological questions it raises. Nathaniel Hawthornes work is typically fraught with symbolism, much of it deriving from his Puritan ancestry; relatives of his were judges in the Salem witchcraft trials. â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† is an allegory whose characters play a major role in conveying the reoccurringRead MoreNathaniel Hawthorne s Young Goodman Brown989 Words   |  4 Pages Olivia Kim AP Literature Short Fiction Essay In Nathaniel Hawthorne’s 1835 allegorical, short fiction â€Å"Young Goodman Brown,† innocent, young Puritan of Salem Village, young Goodman Brown willingly leaves his wife and religion Faith and enters the dark forest, where he experiences a radical encounter that alters his ways of life. Throughout this short story â€Å"Young Goodman Brown,† Hawthorne reveals man’s inherent nature to stray and sin, due to man’s corruption of morality. Human fallibility, evenRead More Poe’s The Black Cat and Hawthorn’s Young Goodman Brown Essay672 Words   |  3 PagesPoe’s The Black Cat and Hawthorn’s Young Goodman Brown In Young Goodman Brown, Hawthorne analyzes the Puritans’ consciousness and the hidden wickedness of their nature. He takes a naà ¯ve Puritan man and takes him on a journey into the dark forest to meet an old man whom we presume, is the devil. As the naà ¯ve Puritan embarks on his journey, his wife Faith kisses him good bye. The Puritan has an overwhelming feeling of guilt as he is entering the forest to meet with the Devil. He realizedRead MoreComparing and Contrasting Young Goodman Brown and the Lottery925 Words   |  4 PagesComparing and Contrasting â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† and â€Å"The Lottery† By: Wayne Gillard II Professor C. Givens ENGL 102-B19 Wayne Gillard Prof. Givens ENGL 102-B19 Essay 1 Outline Thesis: The literary works of â€Å"The Lottery† and â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† both appear to show the fallibleness of human behavior and judgment. I. Introduction/Statement of Thesis II. Themes and Author’s Purpose a. The Lottery i. The hazards of following tradition or living according toRead MoreSymbolism and Allegory in Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown Essay2297 Words   |  10 Pages   Ã‚   The main characters in Hawthornes story Young Goodman Brown are Goodman Brown, his wife Faith and the stranger who accompanies Goodman Brown in the forest. At the beginning of the story Brown is bidding his wife, Faith farewell at their front door. Taking a lonely route into the forest, he meets an older man who bears a fatherly resemblance to both Brown and the Devil. Later that night Brown discovers to his amazement, that many exemplary villagers are on the same path including, GoodyRead MoreANALIZ TEXT INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS28843 Words   |  116 Pagesthe process of change. So-called initiation novels, such as David Copperfield, Huckleberry Finn and the Great Gatsby, are examples. In each case the author has arranged the events of the plot so that they reveal the slow and painful maturing of the young protagonist coming into contact with the world of adult experience. Static characters leave the plot as they entered it, largely untouched by the events that have taken place. Although static characters tend to be minor ones, because the author’s principal

Looking at agency relationship and its problems - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1655 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? Agency relationship is relationship in which a principal make agreement with an agent to carry out some services on his or her behalf which means the principal delegates the power to the agent. While it must be considered the agent will not always acted in the best interests of the principal, the principal is to bear the costs of monitoring and control agent behavior. In turn, the agent will cause the costs of the bonds in convincing the principal interests of the principal will not be harmful. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Looking at agency relationship and its problems" essay for you Create order Agents and may take decisions that do not always maximize the welfare of the principal. Results can be determined from what they experience. Agency Relationship Problems Perk Agency Work-related pleasing effect, such as corporate jets, good offices, and others, enhance exchange between incentives and insurance to determine the optimal incentive contract. Perk interest may be offered even if they use direct benefits offset by the costs they. They will be offered for free Agents in more uncertain production environments will receive more perks Senior executives should receive more perks Better corporate governance can lead to more perk spending by CEOs. In analysis, it also offers insights into the firms decisions about how much independence they should grant to their employees and the provision of optimal perk when managers and workers are organized in teams. Lack of information When the principal hired the agent (e.g. a sales or manager) to perform tasks on his behalf, he cannot ensure that the agent will performs them precisely the way the principal would like it to be. The decisions and the performance of the agent are impossible or expensive to monitor and the incentives of the agent may contradict from those of the principal. For example, the agent didnt carry out what the principal would want it to be. The agent carry out the task based on their own decision and differ from what the principal would like it to be carried out. The principal has no idea of what is going on as he is not the one interact directly on the task. Miscommunication It happens when one side doesnt convey enough information to us, or we misunderstanding the real meaning of their words. In either case, we get a different meaning of their messages than they intended. With the starting of e-mail and IM chat, this is a becoming a usual problem nowadays because type based communication is asynchronous communication, meaning that people do not communicate in real time. Its in essence a telegram. Asynchronous communication didnt allow for immediate feedback response, so our minds have to read what the other person is saying based upon their typed words alone. Although most common in typed based communication, miscommunication can also occur in any type of communication setting. Another familiar type of miscommunication is no communication or it called lack of communication. Why does all this confusion occur? One of the many reasons is that people suffer from information overload.They simply cant process everything they receive via email nor do the y really want to. As much as you would like them to, recipients of your email messages dont give every message they receive from you their undivided attention.   In reality, people read email quickly; they do other tasks while they read email (such as talking on the telephone); and they ignore messages altogether. Even under the best conditions, its easy for the information you send to become distorted.   You dont want to complicate matters by sending email messages loaded with technical terms or industry-specific jargon that would require the reader to decipher the language before he/she can even begin to use the data. Question 1b Resolved Agency Problem in general Report Management can be controlled by shareholders in various ways. Annual reports about the company presentations should be presented by the manager to the shareholders. In the report, there will be a financial expression of the earnings for the period and the financial position at the end of the period. The problem for shareholders is that the information they receive, is prepared by managers. To make sure the reasonableness of the information, shareholders employ auditors to express an opinion on the financial statements and to report to them at the company once a year general meeting. The audit fee for this work is a considerable monitoring cost borne by the shareholders to make sure that managers are present a right picture of the business presentation. Commission Shareholders, recognising that managers may lack the motivation to maximise shareholders assets, may incur costs to encourage optimising behaviour by managers. Incentives may be offered to managers by share holders to improve the shareholder and manager goal congruence. The costs of such incentives are referred to as bonding costs. This is the cost of tying a manager to an action, which will lead to the maximisation of shareholder wealth. Such incentives can include managers being given rewards, which leads to rising remuneration for them as shareholders wealth is increased. Agreement In this agreement is amongst shareholder and company are regulated by the legal document of the company. The reasons why the shareholders may wish to add-on (or take over from) the legal documents of the company in this way before the agent become perk, with this the shareholder knows how to manage the company problem. The shareholder gives the company on behalf to agent to run the business. If the agent successes run the business the shareholder give are special for them. Here some example agreement for agency: If the agent successfully runs the business in one year, 30% will be given on the first month salary. Two months salary bonus at the end of the year Allowance of 10% given for every month Free housing for staying and car for 2 years contract working. Scholarship for children and free insurance in case any eject. Twice a year 20% shareholder sponsor holiday package for agent Agent should pay back 1 year agreement to shareholder and any incentives will be withdraw if the agent quit during the term of the agreement. The contract term should include the agent will not has any business agreement with other company. Question 2 Investment appraisal methods Investing large capital is only working once sums compensate the costs of investments. Appraisal methods can be dividing into two kinds of ways there are traditional methods and discounted cash flow techniques. Traditional methods include the Average Rate of Return (ARR) and the Payback method; discounted cash flow (DCF) methods use Net Present Value (NPV) and Internal Rate of Return techniques. Traditional Methods Payback Accurately amount of time required for the cash inflows from a capital investment project to equal the cash outflows. Normally firms deal with deciding between two or more competing projects is to accept the project that has the shortest payback period. Payback is often used as an initial screening method. Payback period = Initial payment / Annual cash inflow So, if BND4 millions is invested with the aim of earning BND500 000 per year (net cash earnings), the payback period is calculated will be: P = BND4 000 000 / BND500 000 = 8 years To workout of period on the cumulative cash flow has to calculate the whole over of the duration project. Payback with uneven cash flows: In the real world, investment projects by business organizations dont give way even cash flows. The payback period is precisely 5 years. The shorter the payback period, the better for the investment. Sacrifice is the only way to wait for receive the funds as in economic is always change due to world crisis. Sometimes the payback method can be more complicated as there is limited time were given. In this case, the earlier flow of income is a key factor. Also if post-payback revenues occur earlier in the lives of competing projects, that can be critical. Arguments in favor of payback Firstly, research over the years has shown that Brunei firms favor it and perhaps this is understandable given how easy it is to calculate. Secondly, in a business environment of rapid technological change, new plant and machinery may need to be replaced sooner than in the past, so a quick payback on investment is essential. Thirdly, the investment oil and gas in the Brunei in particular, demands that investors are rewarded with fast returns. Profitable opportunities for long-term investment are overlooked because they involve a longer wait for revenues to flow. Arguments against payback Cash flows are regarded as either pre-payback or post-payback, but the latter tend to be ignored. Payback takes no account of the effect on business profitability. Its sole concern is cash flow. Average Rate of Return: The average rate of return expresses the profits arising from a project as a percentage of the initial capital cost. For instance, the profits may be taken to include reduce of the profits or they may not. Here the formula of AAR below: ARR = (Average annual revenue / Initial capital costs) x 100 The simple example to demonstrate the ARR: A project to replace an item of machinery is being appraised. The machine will cost BND240,000 and is expected to generate total revenues of BND45,000 over the projects five year life. What is the ARR for this pro ject? ARR = (BND45, 000 / 5) / 240, 000 x 100 = (BND9 000) / 240, 000 x 100 = 3.75% Advantages of ARR The Average Rate of Return is similar to the Return on Capital Employed in its construction. The ARR is expressed in percentage terms. Arguments against ARR The ARR doesnt take account of the project duration or the timing of cash flows over the course of the project. The concept of profit can be very subjective, varying with specific accounting practice and the capitalization of project costs. As a result, the ARR calculation for identical projects would be likely to result in different outcomes from business to business. As there is no definitive signal given by the ARR to help managers decide whether or not to invest. This lack of a guide for decision making means that investment decisions remain subjective.

Summary Of My Antonia Written By Willa Cather - 1006 Words

Julian Restrepo Mrs. Linn Honors English 28 November 2016 True Friends Are Difficult to Find â€Å"Friendship is the hardest thing in the world to explain. It is not something you learn in school. But if you haven t learned the meaning of friendship, you really haven t learned anything.† (Muhammad Ali). In life, one will encounter another individual that will share an inexplicable bond called friendship. As seen in the historical drama of My Antonia written by Willa Cather, describes a special bond between Jim and Antonia. Antonia did not struggle with making friends she just was not in the position to gain from taking time to build the bond in her friendships. Antonia goes through a struggle that is would discourage many people, Antonia†¦show more content†¦Jim does not know the whole backstory to Antonia’s problem but he does know that Larry uses Antonia and then Larry chooses to desert Antonia who is with a child, this is arguably the roughest stage of her life. Fortunately, Antonia after prevailing through her sit uation with Larry is bless with a loving man, His name is Anton Cuzak and he loves Antonia and her child. Jim acknowledges how Anton is respectful towards Antonia, Antonia explains, â€Å"If Anton had made trouble about her when she was a baby, or wanted me to leave her with my mother, I wouldn t have married him. I could not. But he always loved her like she was his own† (Cather, 228). To expand further, Anton is willingly choosing to love Antonia’s daughter as if she is his own because of his love for Antonia. This marriage became successful; Antonia and Anton have a family and life seems to turn favorably towards Antonia. The reasons above demonstrate an example of the failure and success Antonia has with her love life. Throughout this story, Antonia seems to receive love only from her family, Jim and his friends. Jim and his friends plan to write about Antonia’s life and their experiences and memories they have of her. Jim’s friends tell him that want to meet up in a couple months after they make the deal about writing about Antonia. Sadly, Jim’s friends do not keep their word and only Jim writes about his memories of Antonia and the manner he views Antonia. When they finally gather, sinceShow MoreRelatedSummer Reading2774 Words   |  12 Pagesby Melba Pattillo Beals *12 Dialectical Journal Entries 11th Grade Regular – Reading Assignment 1. Fiction novel: My Antonia by Willa Cather *15 Dialectical Journal Entries 2. Nonfiction: The Narrative of the Life of Fredrick Douglass by Fredrick Douglass *15 Dialectical Journal Entries 11AP Language and Composition – Reading Assignment 1. Fiction novel: My Antonia by Willa Cather *15 Dialectical Journal Entries 2. Nonfiction: The Narrative of the Life of Fredrick Douglas by Fredrick Douglas

Strama 1-4 Free Essays

Question1: What is your evaluation of Michael Dell’s performance first as Dell’s CEO and more recently as its Chairman? How well has he performed the five tasks of crafting and executing strategy that were discussed in Chapter 2? Part 1: Same roles and responsibilities both as Dell’s CEO and its Chairman. * A young and learning manager. * A charismatic leader. We will write a custom essay sample on Strama 1-4 or any similar topic only for you Order Now * Motivated, loyal, and respectful followers. Part 2: * Vision: Directional, strategic vision * Objects: Crafting strategy: moves to achieve diversification, cross – business synergies 1+1=3 * Implementing strategy: * Evaluating strategy: Adapt to customer need changes, actively search for new opportunities, have corrective actions when not going well. Question 2: What are the elements of Dell’s strategy? Which one of five generic competitive strategies is Dell employing? How well do the different pieces of Dell’s strategy fit together? Is Dell’s strategy evolving? * The elements of Dell’s strategy: Cost- efficient build- to –order manufacturing( C-95) * Partnership with suppliers: partnering with reputable suppliers of PC leadership in technology, performance, quality and cost. (C97) * Direct sales to customer (C-99) * Award winning customer service and technical support (C-101) * Customer- Driven RD : focus on tracking and testing new deve lopments most useful and cost-efficient for customers (C-103) * Using standardized technology: using industrywide standards ( C-103) * Product-line expansion: data storage hardware, switches, handheld PCs, printers, printer cartridges. C103) From these elements, especially, â€Å"Direct sales to customer†, Dell is employing â€Å"Low-cost strategy†. Dell’s strategy is evolving. Question 3: Does Dell’s expansion into other IT products and services make good strategic sense? Why or Why not? Yes, it made good sense, because of the following reasons: Have opportunities to expand into industries whose technologies and products complement its present business (related diversification: from PC to data shortage, printers, etc) * Reduce costs by diversifying into closely related businesses * Have powerful brand name â€Å"Dell†: Customers would try other products * Good long-term profit opportunities ($800 billion market) = Industry attractiveness test * Lo w cost of entry to other related businesses = Cost of entry test * The company’s different businesses performed better together than as stand-alone enter prices (from 2% market share in 1995 to 30% market share in 2005, Pc attached with switch made easy sales) = Better-off test Question 4: What does a SWOT analysis reveal about the attractiveness of Dell Computer’s situation? From SWOT: * Dell hold very strong competitive position * â€Å"Direct business model† and â€Å"closed relationship with customers and suppliers† Dell’s success * Company entered to the â€Å" Fortune Global 500† proved Dell’s efficiency and attractiveness * Dell Inc can profit from all different opportunities of expansion and growth to make it business more profitable. How to cite Strama 1-4, Papers

Greatness of Harshavardhana free essay sample

The age of Harsha was a trubulent one. Yet, the general life of people was a prosperous one. In estimating the social life of people during the Harsha, We have to keep in view the administration of Harsha, for the social life of a people anywhere in olden days, to some extent was influenced by its administrative system. Hiuen-Tsang attributes commendable administrative vigilance to Harsha made tours of inspection throughout his kingdom, and promoted benevolent activities like construction and maintenance of roads, sarais, hospitals, etcl. Hiuen-Tsang states as the government is generous officals requirements are few. Families are not registered and individuals are not subject to forced labour contributions the kings tenants pay one-sixth of the products as the rent. But talking of justice, cruel punishment continued. Trial by or deal was common. For offences against social morality, disloyal and inferior conduct, the punishment ws to cut of the nose, ear, hand, foot or to banish the offender to another country or into wilderness. Hiuen-Tsnad maintains that as the government was honestly administrated and the people lived on good terms the criminal classes was small. But Chinese pilgrim about whom special care may have been taken by the government was robbed of his belongings, although he records that according to the laws of the land severe punishments wre inflicted for cirme. Robbery wsa considered to be a second treason for which the right hand of the robber was amputated. But it seems that under the influence of Buddhism the severity of punishment was mitigated, and criminals were imprisoned for life. Talking of political life, in most cases kingshop was hereditary although at times a king was nominated by his predecessor or elected by people or nobels. Nandivarman Pallava was raised to the throne by the mula prakritis. At Thaneshwar the crown was offered to Harsha by a council of nobles headed by Bhandi. Secondly the tradition that the welfare of king depends on the welfare of people was still believed in. Fa-Hien, Hiue-Tsang and Suleiman record that rulers did their best to live up to this anciant maxim. Fourthly quite a number of important rulers loved learning and patronized the arts. Harsha, Mahendra varman, Amoghavarsha I, Bhoja of Dhar somesware III of Kalyan and Ballala Sena of Bengal were writers of no mean repute. Fitthly, the king was all important even though has was assisted by Ministers. Manus recommendation of council of seven or eight ministers was normally followed Sixthly the chief source of revenue was land-one-sixth of its produce. A few other taxes were imposed on ports, ferries, etc. Apart from taxation, returns from royal lands, mines etc. and tributes from vassals filled royal coffers. Finally, kingdoms were divided into smaller units for the convenience of administration. And royal armies mostly relied on elephants, infantry and cavalry. From the features delineated above, one can easily deduce that the political structure of the day did impinge upon the lives of people. Relating to social life, Hiuen-Tsang metions four chief castes and also innumerable sub-castes. But Bana mentions that castes mixed freely. Bana even makes mention of his two brothers born of Shudras. The Chinese traveler, Hiuen-Tsang, refers to prohibition, widow-remarriage and the costom of sati. Yet, women were not regarded as inferior to men. Som of the royal ladies were skilled in music and dancing. Rajyasri sat along with Harsha and listened to the discourses on Buddhism. Interestingly, Hiuen-Tsang notes the absence of tailors and shoe-makers; the simplicity of brahmins and kshatriyas; the luxuries of kings nobels and rich men; honesty and morality of the people because of the fear of retribution in life to come: and, suicide of very old men of people afflicted with incurable diseases in the Ganges. Another interesting point mentioned by him is the etiquette of lifting the turban as a mark of greeting is social gatherings. Regarding the temperament of people, the travelers note that they were hasty and inecisve but moral. The people were not deceitful by nature and valued their pledges and promises. The country was prosperous. Vegetables and minerals were abundant. Fish and mutton were consumed occasionally. Onions and garlic were not much used. The brahmins and kshatriyas are reported to have led a simple life, but the nobles and priests led a luxurious life. Hiuen-Tsang calls the Shudras agriculturists, which is significant. In the earlier texts they are represented as serving the three higher varnes. The Chinese pilgrim takes note of untouchables such as scavengers, executioners, etc. They lived outside the villages and consumed garlic and onion. The untouchables announced their entry into the town by shouting loudly so that people might keep awap from them. Coming to the cultural life of people, we cannot ignore the contribution of Harsha to it. Probably Harsh wrote the three dramas Ratnavali, Priadarshika and Nagananda in Sanskrit. The Chinese traveler, I-Tsing recorded that Harsh versified the story of Jimutayahana in Nagananda and extremely fond of iterature. It is contended that the Banskhera and Madhuban copper-plate inscriptions were probably composed by Harsha himself. The other works attributed to him are the two Sanskrit stotras in praise of the Buddha and a work on grammer. Besides Harsha, Bana was the Chief poet who wrote Hadembari and is also supposed to have written theParvati-parinay and the Chandiskata, A writer Mayura was a master of erotic poetry. A other litera ry figure was Matanga Divakara. Apart from royal court, the sylvan ashramas were the centers of intellectual activity. Bana records a detailed account of the ashrama of the Buddhist saga Divakaramitra in the Vindhyas. Hiuen-Tsand credits the people of the middle country with clearness and correctness of speech. According to him children were taught the five subjects of grammer, mechanical arts, medicine, logic and philosophy from the seventh year onwards. He was all praise for the great scholars of the day. Among educational centers the most famous was the Nalanda university. It attained international repute. It was patronized by Kumaragupta I, and also by Hrasha. The famous teachers of the university were Dignaga, Dharmapala and Shilabhara. The teacher, Dharmapala, originally belonged to the city of Kanchi and wrote books on Buddhist logic and metaphysics. It was during the time of Shilabhadra that Hiuen-Tsang visited Nalanda. Even though the university was a Mahayana institution, brahminical subjects like the Vadas were included in the curriculum. Those who sought admission in the university were examined by the keepers of the gate. It is said that not more than 20 per cent of candidates could pass this examination of the gate-keepers. There was no fee for education. Boarding lodging and clothing were free. The university derived its revenues from the villages granted to it by royalty. During the time of Hiuen-Tsang there were about 10,000 student and women were also included in it. I-Tsing says that the discipline was strict at Nalanda. Sanskrit was the medium of instruction. The method of teaching was primarily tutorial even though there were some lectures. Time was regulated by a water-clocl. I-Tsing says that there were eight halls and 300 rooms in this university. It possessed an observatory and a laboratory also. With regard to art, the Guptam style was continued. Hiuen-Tsang refers to a copper statute of the Buddha. The brick temple of Laxmana at Surpur is one of the most beautiful in India, unsurpassed in the richness and refinement of its ornaments. Talking of religion, it was a remarkable era. In the Gupta period brahminism re-asserted itself. The reading of the Gita was popular with intelligentsia. The leader of Hindu reformation Sankara, in the 8th century, commented on the Gita. By the time of Alberuni it was so popular that Alberuni quotes the text of the Gita. Nevertheless, Hinduism, of the Gupta age witnessed a set-back some developed the dectrine of mimamsa. The doctrine was quite ancient but it became popular with prabhakara at the end of the sixth century. Another great exponent of it was Kumarila in the 7th century. Another doctrine imprimarily concerned with the technique of thought, that is, it is only concerned with rituals. The Mimamsa lives in a world of self-revealed Vedas and is concerned only with correct performance of the rites as laid down. This doctrine was poles apart from popular puranic religion of people. Also, it contradicts the idea of a popular personal deity which is to be realized either through bhakti or yoga. Luckily this barren ritualism was attacked by Sankara in the 8th century. Here we must also note that Buddhism was on the declire. Hiuen-Tsang notes the dacay of Buddhism even though he was not conscious of it. But Buddhism gained popularity in Kanara, in certain parts of UP and in Bengal. Thus, there is nothing unique about the life of people during the age of Harsha. The creative urge witnessed in the Gupta period continued. Yet, as the future was to prove, the quiet greatness of this age was only as afterglow.

Evidence Informed Health Practice

Question: Discuss about the Evidence Informed Health Practice. Answer: Introduction: Which one is greater among maintenance phase in women participating in physical exercise, perceived barriers or perceived benefits? The null hypothesis states that the perceived benefits were lower and perceived barriers were greater in women with more extensive and successful PA participation experience. The main purpose of the study was to investigate the differences in perceived benefits and barriers in relation to physical activity between pre-maintenance women and the maintenance phase to determine whether perceived benefit or perceived barrier is greater in women who experience PA participation. In this experiment benefits are the dependent variable since the barriers changes with time and external environment such as affect of the society, economic status and diet. Therefore, barriers are the independent variables. The benefits are the independent variables since these cannot be changed with time or any other factors. The study design was qualitative since it was based on the descriptive data. The two advantages of the study are firstly, it could be identified from the study that the African-American women have understood the barriers and benefits of physical activity. Secondly, the study promotes the benefits of physical activity rather than barriers. The participants were 113 African-American women who participated for this study. Participants were recruited from the community and supported by Sisters in Motion. The conventional sampling strategy has been used in this study. 50 % of the population in the pre-maintenance group is in college and 59% in the maintenance group are college graduate. (50+59)/ (100+100) = 109/200= 0.545 Therefore, 54.5% of the population is college graduate. The overall mean age of the participants in this study was found to be 51.3 years. This mean was calculated by statistical analysis and the analysis of data was conducted by means IBM SPAA version 18. In addition chi-square and t-tests were also used. The point at which the authors reported that overall, the participants of the study had a mean age of 51.3 years, SD of 14.2 years involved the stages of change, and the participants regarding their stages of change with respect to PA behavior had indicated it. SD= 14.2 signifies a standard deviation of 14.2 indicating the descriptive statistics of the participants of this study. Assuming the normal distribution of age, the range of age for the approximately 68% of the participants of the study was 51.3 years. Information Variable type Marital status Nominal variable Educational level Ordinal variable Employment status Ordinal variable Current physical health Continuous variable It has been reported by the authors that women in the maintenance group were significantly less likely to smoke. The findings of the authors can be justified with the descriptive statistics and p-value in the way that the study has examined the perceived benefits and barriers associated with the PA behaviour. Yes, the two groups consisting of the pre-maintenance groups were not similar in terms of their marital status. It is known through the process of data analysis by using IBM SPSS version 8, tests and chi-square tests. Yes, the two groups (pre-maintenance and maintenance) are significantly different in terms of stating lack of access to gym as a barrier to physical activity. This is evident from the table in which the comparison of the participants consisting of the two groups (pre-maintenance and maintenance) with respect to the changes in the of physical activity behaviour. The results did not change after 13 smokers were removed from the database since the statistical significance for all the comparisons have not changed. In Table 1, the values 52.2 (15.7) represent the smoking status of the maintenance group. Yes, the two groups are statistically different in terms of perceiving unsafe environment as a barrier to physical activity since the p-value of the pre-maintenance group was found to be 79 and for maintenance group it was 74. In this study, the investigation of the the potential differences in perceived benefits in barriers related to participation in physical activity between African-American women have been carried out. The results of the study have suggested the benefits and barriers related to physical activity behaviour has been valued as well as understood by the several African- American women. The results of this study are not in support of the common belief that effectual programming of improvements of health behavior needs to stress on the benefits and barriers associated with their behaviour. The health practitioners should think to focus on the other factors, which are evidence-based and have been proved to encourage physical activity behaviour like counseling concerning social assistance as for e.g. buddy system and enhancing the self-efficacy as for e.g. setting of a specific goal for initiating and sustaining a lifestyle which is physically active. This study has provided an evidence that f or some of the populations the perceived benefits of physical activity and the barriers to the participation in the physical activity do not fluctuate distinctly between the beginners and the experienced participants of physical activity effectively. In my opinion, the findings of this study are not reliable. Reference Scott, M. S., Oman, R. F., John, R. (2015). The Benefits and Barriers Related to Regular Participation in Physical Activity by African-American Women: Implications for Intervention Development.Open Journal of Preventive Medicine,5(04), 169.