Evolution of Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW)

g courseth of Substrate plunderine Waveguide (SIW)EVOLUTION OF SUBSTRATE INTEGRATED fluctuate guide STRUCTURES AN OVERVIEW, and Abstract Substrate corporate wave guide(SIW) is the most captivating engineering for well-off integration onto planar substratums for millimeter wave components and strategys for the next decade. This guide is synthe coatd on the substratum with arrays of metallic posts retaining the low loss advantage of conventional impertinent wave guides. In this paper, motley evolving buildings of SIW which had been implemented for various pragmatic applications like dribbles, couplers, transmitting aerials etc argon reviewed and some ongoing get a lines establish on this tech nonerenominal)ogy atomic number 18 in like manner presented.Index Terms Filters, couplers, substratum interconnected wave guide (SIW)INTRODUCTION golden waveguides are preferred over traditional transmission parameters like homocentric cables wherein high losings are a ccounted, namely, copper losings and dielectric losses 1. Metallic waveguides inherit the advantage of high advocate use expertness and high Q-factor 2. In spite of its aforementioned advantages, it is not yet a very promising technology because of its bulky and non planar nature 3. expansion slot like planar printed transmission lines are next to metallic waveguides utilize in microwave coordinated circuits (MICs). These were planar in nature moreover not suitable at smaller frequencies due to its transmission losses 4. To bridge the gap, SIW is introduced, a very promising waveguide structure which maintains the advantages of a rectangular waveguide, such as high Q-factor and high power handling capability in planar form 5-7. Basically in SIW, two parallel metallic layers of substrate are connected via metallic posts introducing structure similar to common metallic waveguides. Generically, the substrate integrated waveguides (SIW) are know as substrate integrated circuit s (SICs) 8. SIW is the most popular topology among others family members of SICs because the instauration techniques of rectangular waveguide can be applied directly to this topology. The SIW technology has been implemented with millimeter and microwave components as it is suitable for high frequence range because of its accounted leakage losses at low frequency. They can be directly connected to planar circuits, namely, micro comb line and planar waveguides (CPW), allowing for easy integration of active circuits thus making it suitable for corporation production .In this paper, evolutions of SIW structures are studied and different application of SIW technology are presented, and some ongoing projects are discussed later.EVOLUTION OF SIW STRUCTUREAt millimeter wave frequency, electromagnetic coupling between building blocks of antenna makes designing a very critical issue. To provide great appropriate of flexibility for designing of components, concept of SICs is introduced. SIW, which are synthe sized on planar substrate in which metallic posts are perforated in the embedded substrate apply printed circuit board technology shown in fig.1. 9Fig.1. Substrate Integrated WaveguideThe steady and constant rise of wireless user has fuelled an add-on in wireless applications. For the fulfillment of increasing day to day necessitate of communication, various evolving structures of SIW are proposed. Substrate integrated slab waveguide (SISW), a impudently variant in the SIW toolkit is hereby introduced 10. The structure offers an increase in bandwidth by adding air holes into an SIW mainly for wideband microwave applications. Compared to rectangular waveguides, a size reduction of is achieved with SIW. Unfortunately, SIW are still large (compared to their micro strip counterparts) for various practical applications and hence substrate integrated folded waveguide (SIFW) is proposed 11. In SIFW size reduction of (9) is achieved by employ dual layer substrate moreover its losses are increased. Also thither are half agency substrate integrated waveguides (HMSIW) 12 which increases the bandwidth and can also have a lessen size while maintaining the advantages of SIW. Recently after HMSIW, folded half wave substrate integrated waveguide (FHMSIW) is proposed but on that point are complexity issues which demand to be solved 13.For effective utilization of waveguide channel, hybrid SIW is proposed in which waveguide channel usage is maximized by routing a strip line inside the substrate 14. Novel class of bandwidth enhancing structures are proposed, namely ridge substrate integrated waveguide (RSIW) 15 shown in Fig.3 and ridged substrate integrated slab waveguide (RSISW) 16.In former structure, side walls of top and bottom metal layers are connected by full height metallic posts and rudimentary row of partial heighted metallic posts are connected at their bottom by a metal strip. The latter structure is having the similar geometry of RS IW but surplus air holes are included to further increase the bandwidth. Also there are unpopular structures like honeycomb substrate integrated waveguide (HCSIW) and folded corrugated substrate integrated waveguide (FCSIW). HCSIW creates partially low dielectric region by drilling air filled posts vertically 17 and FCSIW is apply for back lobe suppression 18. For two different modes of extension service, switchable substrate integrated waveguide (SSIW) (via the biasing of pin diode switch) is introduced 19. Another variant of HMSIW is rotated HMSIW, to improve the manufacturing tolerances by enabling direct interaction with wave energy at central point which is not feasible for the structures discussed earlier20. Recently, flirt substrate integrated waveguide another variant has been added to the SIW toolkit for better gain and low side lobe levels. 21. modish variant added to the SIW toolkit is empty SIW (ESIW). This structure eliminates the disadvantages of dielectric substr ate by replacing it by novel empty substrate (air filled) while maintaining the advantage of get it on integration in planar substrate 22. Outlines of important configurations of SIW are shown in fig.2. 11, fig.3.15 and fig.421.Fig.2. SIW Main VariantsFig.3.RSIW StructureFig.4.Butterfly substrate integrated waveguideFUTURE TRENDS IN SIWSIW, a very promising technology has been implemented for many practical applications like SIW based shifters, oscillators, resonators, filters, power dividers, diplexers, mixer, antennas and many more 23-30. Currently there were many ongoing projects in progress based on SIW technology. A very few have been mentioned here in this paper. Efficient price reduction and design of reconfigurable micro electro mechanical systems (MEMS) based band laissez passer filter (BPF) in SIW technology 31 is one of the ongoing projects. This project is focused on the suppuration of novel microwave and millimeter wave fully reconfigurable BPF on SIW so that advan tages of miniaturization, easy integration onto planar substrates, low losses, high power handling can be achieved. This project tries to combine the advantages of novel comb line SIW resonators with the enhanced characteristics of MEMS varactors to tune the response of coupled resonator filters. These filters are key components of emerging RF front ends for future(a) telecommunication systems. SOSRAD-77GHz SIW system on substrates (SOS) radar front end is the other ongoing project based on SIW 32. The aim of the project is to establish SIW technology as the leading high performance platform to encompass all easy technologies within a common substrate at mm-wave frequencies. Some of the spotless projects on SIW technology are stated integrated focusing systems in SIW technology full wave mould and optimization 33 and Design and development of SIW based RF circuits and components using metamaterials in ku-band application 34.REFERENCES1 Dominic Deslandes, Design considerations fo r tapering off micro strip to substrate integrated waveguide transitions, IEEE Trans. cook possibleness Tech., vol. 46, no.5, pp.625-630, May 1998.2 N. Ranjkesh and M. Shahabadi, LOSS MECHANISMS IN SIW AND MSIW, Progress in Electromagnetics enquiry B, Vol. 4, 299309, 2008.3 Li Yan, Wei Hong Guang Hua, Jixin Chen, Ke Wu and Tie Jun Cui, Simulation and Experiments on SIW Slot array antennas, IEEE Microwave and wireless components letters, vol. 14, no. 9, September 2004.4Futoshi Kuroki and Ryo-ji Tamarulow, Low-loss and Low-cost solution for printed Transmission Lines at millimeter-wavelengths by using Bilaterally Metal-loaded Tri-plate, Microwave Symposium Digest, 2009. 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Kawai, Honeycomb substrate integrated waveguide (HCSIW) and its application to design of SIW right-angle corner, Proc. forty-second European Microwave Conf., pp. 112-115, Oct. 2012.18 Daekeun Cho Hai-young Lee,Folded Corrugated SIW(FCSIW) Slot Antenna for Backlobe Suppression, Antennas and wireless propagation Letters,IEEE, vol.2,2013.19 R. F. Xu B. S. Izquierdo and P. R. Young, Switchable substrate integrated waveguide, IEEE Microw. Wireless Compon. Lett., vol. 21,no.4, pp. 194196, Apr. 2011.20 Farrall, A..J. Young, P.R,Rotated Half-Mode Substrate Integrated Waveguide, Antennas and Propagation Conference(LPAC),2013, pp.514-517.21 Mohtashami, Y. Rashed-Mohassel, J,A Butterfly Substrate Integrated Waveguide Leaky-Wave Antenna,IEEE Trans actions on Antenna and Propagation, 2014, vol. 62, pp.3384-3388.22 A. Belenguer, H. Esteban, V.E. Boria,Novel forsake Substrate Integrated Waveguide for High-Performance Microwave Integrated Circuits,IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, April 2014, vol. 62, pp. 832-839.23 W. Che, E. Yung, and K. Wu, Millimeter-wave ferrite phase shifter in substrate integrated waveguide (SIW), in IEEE Int. AP-S Symp. Dig.,Jun. 2003, pp. 887890.24 Y. Cassivi and K. Wu, Low cost microwave oscillator using substrate integrated waveguide, IEEE Microw. Wireless Compon. Lett., vol. 13,no. 2, pp. 4850, Feb. 2003.25 Y. Cassivi, L. Perregrini, K. Wu, and G. Conciauro, Low-cost and high-Q millimeter-wave resonator using substrate integrated waveguide technique, in Proc. Eur. Microw. Conf., Milan, Italy, Sep. 2002, pp. 14.26 D. Deslandes and K. Wu, Millimeter-wave substrate integrated waveguide filters, in Proc. IEEE Elect. Comput. Eng. Conf., May 2003, vol. 3, pp. 19171920.27 S. Germain, D. Deslandes, and K. Wu, Development of substrate integrated waveguide power dividers, in Proc. 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Conf., Beijing, China, Aug. 812, 2005, pp.P-14P-1731 Efficient synthesis and designs of reconfigurable microelectromechanical systems based band pass filter in substrate integrated waveguide technology , cordis .europa . eu / project / rcn / 704581_en.html.32 SOSRAD-77 GHz substrate integrated waveguide(SIW) system on substrate (SOS) radar front-end, http//www.cttc.es/project/77-ghz-substrate-integrated-waveguide-siw system on substrate-sos-radar-front-end/.33 Integrated focusing systems in substrate integrated waveguide technology full wave modeling and optimization, http//www.esf-newfocus.org/achievements_projects.html.34 Design and development of SIW based RF circuits and components using metamaterials in ku-band application, www.becs.ac.in/project-etc-submenu.